…oesophageal spasm and acid reflux. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Characterising the presenting symptom The symptom should be classified as cardiac , possibly cardiac , or non cardiac…

…decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection is a hypertensive emergency requiring…

…reaction Skin or mucosa only, stable breathing and circulation Observation, a non sedating antihistamine for symptoms Anaphylaxis Objective airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise, or a…

…must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels…

…viral or idiopathic but is more frequent when the underlying cause is non idiopathic. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Dyspnoea is the most frequent symptom and…

…pain and hypertension despite treatment. A related entity is non A non B dissection , which involves the arch without involvement of the ascending aorta or…

…unit or another non intensive care setting while serial testing is completed. Diagnostic Framework The diagnostic pathway combines three principal domains: Clinical presentation and vital…

…Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing…

…reference This is a practical quick reference for emergency physicians in suspected acute ischaemic stroke. It covers time windows, indications and contraindications for intravenous thrombolysis…

…several clinical manifestations that indicate particularly high risk and should influence the urgency of management: Recurrent or ongoing chest pain despite medical treatment Acute heart…