…and spotty calcification. However, the concept has important limitations. Although thin capped fibroatheromas may have imaging characteristics associated with rupture, fewer than 5% of such…

…This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy…

…fms like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor ratio ≥40 is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia with severe features during the subsequent two weeks…

…foam cells and macrophages; a thin fibrous cap; positive remodelling; neovascularization; intraplaque haemorrhage; adventitial inflammation; spotty calcification. Nevertheless, the presence of these features does not…

…multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure measurements permit assessment of…

…or reinfarction. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Features suggesting systemic embolization. In patients with recurrent chest pain and hemodynamic compromise after MI, mechanical complications should be considered. Transthoracic…

…CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with comorbidities. This may…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…the surface ECG. Intracardiac electrodes – with the placement of electrodes against the sinoatrial node – are necessary to diagnose first and third degree sinoatrial block. However…

…men and 460 ms for women. While there is no absolute QTc threshold at which TdP occurs, a QTc ≥ 500 ms is associated with a…

…clinical entity typically associated with drug induced long QT syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]. The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk…

…infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…rhythm (with multiple ventricular premature beats) spontaneously converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial blood pressure (ABP) drops at the onset of…

…in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics…

…processing, additives and cooking methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes…

…may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across multiple organ systems. Non cardiac symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, generalized malaise, and visual disturbances…

…segment elevations that mimic acute myocardial infarction. Acute pericarditis is a primary differential diagnosis and presents with distinct characteristics compared to transmural ischemia [4, 5]…

…Clinical presentation and symptoms SCAD generally presents as ACS. Symptoms may therefore include acute chest pain or chest discomfort, with associated manifestations of myocardial ischaemia…

…Epicardial and microvascular angina can coexist, and this combination is associated with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery…

…approach is primarily supported by observational studies and clinical experience. Studies have demonstrated that a significant proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) do…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…a complication of rheumatic fever, which is caused by streptococcal infections (group A Streptococcus ). Rheumatic heart disease can occur at any age and multiple valve…

…multiple times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and…

…activity and increasing sympathetic activity. This has multiple effects which are discussed in detail below. This article will deal with the physiology of exercise and…

…Combination therapy with multiple antihypertensives is often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting…

…hemisphere with multiple layers. Flow velocity is equal within each layer (depicted with different colors). (B) Schematic illustration of mitral regurgitation with PISA and the…

…presence of wall motion abnormalities in a patient with chest pain strongly suggests myocardial ischemia as the underlying cause of the symptoms. The degree and…

…stretching of myocardial fibers). The opposite is also true; the stiffer the myocardium, the slower and less pronounced the relaxation. Left ventricular compliance Multiple factors…

…of patients with aortic dissection. PAU is particularly associated with advanced age, smoking, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, systemic hypertension, and…

…one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary…

…that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast…

…patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly those with stable chest pain, no previous diagnosis of CAD, and a low clinical likelihood of obstructive…

…of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), after appropriate investigation has identified the relevant endotype and…

…emergence of multiple myxomas. Papillary fibroelastoma Papillary fibroelastoma is benign primary tumors affecting adults. These tumors most often occur in the aortic valve and the…

…constituting 35% of myocardial mass and 5 apical segments, constituting 30% of myocardial mass. The 17 segment model provides the best agreement with anatomic data…

…decades ago and they have multiple drawbacks. For example, Bazett's formula is only suitable in adults with a heart rate between 60 and 90…

…the amount of gain as the depth increases; this compensates for the attenuation that occurs with increasing depth. TGC is adjusted using multiple controls that…

…coronary vasodilation. This selectivity minimizes activation of A1, A2B, and A3 receptors, which are associated with adverse effects such as bronchoconstriction and atrioventricular block. Adenosine…

…in order to assess the reliability and reproducibility of the measurements. The parasternal and apical windows are obtained with the patient positioned in the left…

…The aortic valve is easy to visualize and image quality is typically high in multiple views. The diameter of the aortic valve is relatively constant…

…anatomy and the subvalvular apparatus. Thickness, mobility and coaptation of the leaflets are assessed visually in multiple views. It should be noted that imaging of…

…85% of the (age adjusted) expected maximum heart rate, which can be estimated using the following formula: Expected maximum heart rate according to age and…

…multiplied by 100 to obtain percentage (%). Normal FS 25% (M Mode) 18% (Direct 2 D measurement) Tissue Doppler Tissue Dopplerrecords the speed and direction of…