…TdP). Drug induced LQTS and TdP represent a multifactorial clinical entity that typically emerges when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological…

…both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia, the co administration of multiple QT prolonging medications, and drug…

…coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure…

…and multiple organ failure. In the absence of treatment, approximately 1 in 100 cases of preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia. Clinical presentation and symptoms The…

…processing, additives and cooking methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes…

…considers both the plaque and the patient. Multiple potentially high risk plaques may exist throughout the coronary tree, while inflammation and thrombotic susceptibility are often…

…6 mm) Large RS complexes in multiple leads P pulmonale Figure 1. ECG changes seen in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)…

…CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with comorbidities. This may…

…coronary syndromes. Cigarette smoking is a prominent association, whereas other conventional coronary risk factors may be absent. The condition is more prevalent in Japan and…

…manifests across multiple organ systems. Non cardiac symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, generalized malaise, and visual disturbances such as altered color perception and halo vision…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Acute aortic syndromes comprise classic aortic dissection, intramural haematoma (IMH), and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU). Aortic dissection accounts for…

…multiple myeloma or other renal disease; hepatic disease; concurrent nephrotoxic drugs, including NSAIDs; and repeated or high volume contrast exposure. Patients with multiple myeloma and…

[calc_qtc] 1 – 15 years, male and female Adult, male Adult, female Normal <440 ms <430 ms <450 ms Upper limit 440–460 ms 430…

…blood pool, and vascular structures is limited. CCTA has become an important first line investigation for selected patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly…

…myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for echocardiography. The left ventricle is divided into 17 segments for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments in multiple views…

…decades ago and they have multiple drawbacks. For example, Bazett's formula is only suitable in adults with a heart rate between 60 and 90…

…disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells normally regulate vascular tone…

…treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Lathundar ECG Criteria for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) The diagnosis of STEMI relies on specific electrocardiographic thresholds for ST…

…solely as an isolated coronary event. SCAD predominantly affects the left sided coronary circulation and may involve multiple vessels. Pregnancy associated SCAD can occur at…

…treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac…

…the slower and less pronounced the relaxation. Left ventricular compliance Multiple factors affect ventricular compliance. These factors include age, afterload, myocardial synchronization and intracellular processes…

…symptoms lasting more than 3 months and attributable to established reversible myocardial ischaemia in either of two settings: Obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) that cannot…

…primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery…

…Visualization on multiple imaging planes. Location adjacent to hyperkinetic myocardium. Large thrombus burden. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can further characterize thrombus morphology and may assist…

…therapy with multiple antihypertensives is often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting conditions…

…activity and increasing sympathetic activity. This has multiple effects which are discussed in detail below. This article will deal with the physiology of exercise and…

…dimensional echocardiography is used to evaluate valve anatomy and the subvalvular apparatus. Thickness, mobility and coaptation of the leaflets are assessed visually in multiple views…

…defined by acute coronary artery occlusion causing transmural ischemia and requiring urgent reperfusion, even in the absence of classic ST elevation. Multiple studies have demonstrated…

…can identify these segments in multiple views. Note that the terms ischemic heart disease (IHD), coronary heart disease (CHD) , and coronary artery disease (CAD) are…

…main beam. As the ultrasound beam sweeps back and forth, multiple side lobe artifacts can be generated on both sides of the true reflector. If…

…or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia…

…artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and…

…hemisphere with multiple layers. Flow velocity is equal within each layer (depicted with different colors). (B) Schematic illustration of mitral regurgitation with PISA and the…

…of cases, which is explained by the following: The aortic valve is easy to visualize and image quality is typically high in multiple views. The…

…A Streptococcus ). Rheumatic heart disease can occur at any age and multiple valve lesions are common (typically the aortic and mitral valve). Rheumatic heart disease…

…the model against multiple outcome definitions and validated it, with no fine tuning, in geographically and structurally distinct US and Taiwanese cohorts. Finally, and unusually…

…more stretched appearance and most often exhibit multiple villi . These myxomas are more likely to embolize (Cardiac Thromboembolism). There are genetic syndromes that result in…

…the one examines is located. One can choose to place one or more focus (multiple focus lowers the image update rate). The direction and foc

…than stenotic arteries, which are already dilated. This results in flow heterogeneity and perfusion defects in areas supplied by the disease artery. Thus, vasodilators replicate…

…The blood tissue interface may also be used to measure ventricular dimension in instances when the interface between compacted and noncompacted myocardium cannot be discerned…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinoatrial block (SA block): from ECG to clinical management Sinoatrial (SA) block implies that the impulses discharged in the sinoatrial node…

…MET) is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg weight × min…

…is multiplied by 100 to obtain percentage (%). Normal FS 25% (M Mode) 18% (Direct 2 D measurement) Tissue Doppler Tissue Dopplerrecords the speed and direction…