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Nasogastric tube

…the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with an impaired cough reflex, and the first…

ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-waves

…typically emerge between 6 and 16 hours after symptom onset, but may occasionally develop earlier. Standard textbooks have traditionally taught that the pathological Q wave…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…the fundal height surpasses the umbilicus, the uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…haemodynamic needs. This is only relevant in rate responsive pacemakers. These failures typically result in missing stimulation artifacts, misplaced stimulation artifacts, irregular pacing, etc. Most…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…extreme axis deviation Extreme axis deviation is rare. It is most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS…

The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Rare. Most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS complexes, then…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…displacement of the ST segment. The ST segment may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards (ST segment depression). The term ST segment deviation…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…ventricular myocardium (failure of embryological delamination). The tricuspid valve annulus is displaced apically 0.8 mm/m 2 BSA. Basal segments of the right ventricle …

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…and subcutaneous tissue 2–3 cm to one side, inject, wait 10 seconds, withdraw the needle and release the skin. The displaced track prevents the

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