…may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards (ST segment depression). The term ST segment deviation refers to elevation and depression of the ST…

…the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed…

…not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

…The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes and autonomic neuropathy…

…system and ventricular muscle are minimal, except in cases of toxic concentrations. In most patients, the sinus rate and P wave duration are minimally changed…

…and incompletely absorbed after oral administration, with systemic bioavailability ranging from 25% to 65% and minimal hepatic first pass extraction. Following a single oral dose…

…cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be tolerated or when LDL C remains above goal despite maximally tolerated therapy. It is a prodrug activated…

…UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

…reduction of approximately 50.5% when inclisiran was added to maximally tolerated statin therapy, with or without other lipid lowering treatment. The durability of the…

…Addition of ezetimibe if the LDL C target is not achieved. Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the target remains unmet despite maximally tolerated statin…

… and A thiazide or thiazide like diuretic, with all agents prescribed at maximum or maximally tolerated doses. The apparently uncontrolled office blood pressure must be…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Chronotropic incompetence: inability to adequately increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition…

…is available; in VF/VT only after the 3rd defibrillation 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg of 0.1 mg/mL), maximum 1…

…coach actively, and do not accept a trace you would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or…

…with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors. Table 1. Drug manual…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia…

…neutrophil chemotaxis toward inflammatory sites. Its cardiovascular effects therefore appear to reflect modulation of vascular inflammation rather than lipid lowering. Other anti inflammatory strategies have…

…should be reassured, and non atherosclerotic causes of symptoms should be considered. When plaque is present but stenosis is minimal or mild, symptoms are also…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…be prescribed at the highest tolerated dose. When LDL C remains above target despite maximally tolerated statin therapy, ezetimibe is the preferred initial combination drug…

…at rest or with minimal exertion, lasting at least 10 minutes unless promptly treated Severe chest pain, pressure, or discomfort An accelerating pattern of angina…

…therapy to guideline recommended or maximally tolerated doses before ivabradine is considered. The evidence base included patients with symptomatic NYHA class II or III HFrEF…

…agent in patients receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy whose LDL C is ≥70 mg/dL (≥1.8 mmol/L). Reasonable addition of a non statin…

…effort is terminated. Reliability as a function of workload In order for the exercise test to be reliable, the patient must perform maximally, without risking…

…with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors. Table 1. Drug manual…

…causing minimal radiation exposure. It is metabolically inert and diffuses freely across cell membranes, allowing for precise quantification of myocardial blood flow and assessment of…