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ApoB and Non-HDL Cholesterol in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

…prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Because triglyceride rich particles contribute additional cholesterol—often approximately 30 mg/dL—non HDL C treatment goals are…

LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

…and apoB are secondary targets or risk refining measures, particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…kidney metabolic syndrome, in which adiposity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, CKD and CVD reinforce one another. Dysfunctional adipose tissue contributes to inflammatory and metabolic abnormalities…

Primary Aldosteronism: Screening and Management

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging With SPECT and PET

…18F FDG uptake represent a perfusion–metabolism mismatch and may indicate viable, hibernating myocardium. Clinical Indications Suspected or Known Chronic Coronary Syndrome Stress SPECT or…

Urinary alkalinisation

…pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic alkalosis or…

🟠 QT Drugs: Drugs causing QT prolongation, torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS)

…conditions Category Condition Congenital conditions Jervell and Lange Nielsen syndrome Romano Ward syndrome Idiopathic congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) Metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hypocalcemia Starvation…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…Seizures later than this, focal seizures or status epilepticus should raise strong suspicion of another or an additional cause [1]. Delirium tremens most often begins…

Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Management

…including chronic coronary syndromes and acute coronary syndromes HF across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention. Mechanical mechanisms…

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