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Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement is therefore always part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms…

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Holter ECG

…still and lowered at each measurement, and not to talk. Otherwise ordinary activities, including work. No showering or bathing. A diary of going to bed…

High-Sensitivity Troponin: 0/1-Hour Rule-In and Rule-Out Algorithms

…or discomfort An accelerating pattern of angina, with increasing frequency or severity Symptoms that awaken the patient from sleep Clinical assessment must be integrated with…

Corticosteroids: quick reference for dose equivalents and stress dosing

…history of ulcer, not routinely Infection Consider Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over a long period, according to the local protocol Psychiatric symptoms Sleep disturbance…

Assessment of diastolic function by echocardiography

…using pulsed Doppler. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) . Diastolic function can be estimated from E/A ratio, e'…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…lower threshold for provocation, or symptoms that awaken the patient from sleep. Initial symptoms of NSTEMI and UA may be similar. NSTEMI is diagnosed when…

Primary Aldosteronism: Screening and Management

…Hypertension with an adrenal incidentaloma Hypertension associated with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the absence of an underlying structural cardiac explanation Early onset…

Arterial Hypertension: Definition, Diagnosis and Out-of-Office Measurement

…the maximum arterial pulsatile pressure during systole. With auscultatory measurement, it corresponds to the appearance of the first Korotkoff sound. Diastolic blood pressure: the minimum…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…Capnography refers to the measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide …

Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT, PET), coronary blood flow and flow reserve (CFR)

…employed to evaluate myocardial perfusion by measuring the intensity of their uptake within the myocardium. Furthermore, certain radiotracers enable direct measurement of coronary blood flow…

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