…beginning of the next inspiration. Normal ETCO 2 : 38 mmHg (5 kPa) or 5%. Monitoring ETCO 2 aids in: Assessing ventilation quality. Determining ventilation rate…

…reduced consciousness or marked stillness Respiratory rate Under 25 per minute At least 25 per minute A falling rate, bradypnoea or apnoea Pulse Under 110…

…A respiratory rate of at least 22/min, increased work of breathing, a new oxygen requirement, a saturation below 93 per cent on air, or…

…needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation…

…gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact assessment of oxygenation requires it [3]. Calculation of osmolality Use the same formula throughout…

…for diagnosing CAD in stable patients with: Low clinical likelihood or no previous diagnosis of CAD Characteristics suggesting that good quality imaging is achievable It…

…or an intracranial aneurysm Contact the responsible specialist An aortic aneurysm 6 cm Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of…

…of the chosen finding — measurement, photograph or video. 3. Give atropine 0.5 mg intravenously (alternatively glycopyrronium 0.2 mg) to reduce the risk of…

…level of consciousness Coma Marked drowsiness, for example a Glasgow Coma Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest…

…specific 99th percentile upper reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic…