…would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or reduced exercise capacity. Suspected asthma or COPD — diagnosis and…

…Capnography refers to the measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide …

…and dynamic hyperinflation. The consequences are increased work of breathing, exhaustion and, in the most severe cases, hypotension, pneumothorax and respiratory arrest [1]. The first…

…resolved. Capillary measurement of beta hydroxybutyrate has high diagnostic accuracy [2]. A venous blood gas is generally sufficient for the assessment of pH and bicarbonate…

…obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real. Hypotension and haemodynamic instability. Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis. Distinguish the conditions instead by…

…disorientation, agitation, drowsiness or a reduced GCS Respiration A respiratory rate of at least 22/min, increased work of breathing, a new oxygen requirement, a…

…7. Start a fluid balance chart and hourly urine measurement. Sudden polyuria is a warning sign of impending overcorrection. Grading Hyponatraemia is defined as a…

…needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation…

…specific 99th percentile upper reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic…

…permits delineation of the coronary lumen. Coronary imaging is technically demanding because the vessels are small and are subject to both cardiac and respiratory motion…