…of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external…

…narrow pulse pressure suggests a low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple and validated marker of perfusion Lactate < 1.6 mmol…

…is highly dependent on the precision of the Doppler measurement. The Doppler beam must be parallel to the direction of the blood flow (refer to…

…resolved. Capillary measurement of beta hydroxybutyrate has high diagnostic accuracy [2]. A venous blood gas is generally sufficient for the assessment of pH and bicarbonate…

…include: Assessment of all major peripheral pulses. Blood pressure measurement in both arms. Cardiac auscultation. Pulmonary auscultation. Evaluation for heart failure. Assessment for circulatory compromise…

…the maximum arterial pulsatile pressure during systole. With auscultatory measurement, it corresponds to the appearance of the first Korotkoff sound. Diastolic blood pressure: the minimum…

…Capnography refers to the measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide …

…using pulsed Doppler. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) . Diastolic function can be estimated from E/A ratio, e'…

…employed to evaluate myocardial perfusion by measuring the intensity of their uptake within the myocardium. Furthermore, certain radiotracers enable direct measurement of coronary blood flow…

…with its most common waveforms. Important intervals and points of measurement are depicted. ECG interpretation requires knowledge of these waves and intervals. The P wave…