…apex of the heart is fixed to the diaphragm via pericardium and connective tissue. Therefore the apex does not move much during the cardiac cycle…

…offers greater precision in the calculation of ejection fraction, and 3D measurements will presumably replace 2D measurements in the future. Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging…

…= [c · (f r f e )] / [2 · f u · cos ϴ] The speed of sound (c) in the human body is constant (1540 m/s)…

…for a flat ETCO2 curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate blood flow or ineffective compressions…

…LVOT to improve the accuracy of the measurement. Flow velocity in LVOT : Velocity is measured in apical four chamber view (4C) or five chamber view …

…contractility of hypothermia are not tolerated. A decision to withhold further life sustaining treatment. Preparation and equipment Continuous core temperature measurement. An oesophageal probe or…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts…

…functional cardiac abnormality or raised natriuretic peptides is not mandatory for HFmrEF when the diagnosis of heart failure is clinically secure and the LVEF measurement…

…before non cardiac surgery should be questioned specifically about neurological symptoms during the preceding 6 months. Those with symptoms suggestive of TIA or stroke require…