…electrical activity of the heart and it is created by analyzing several electrodes. In other words, each ECG lead is computed by analyzing the electrical…

…pulses. Blood pressure measurement in both arms. Cardiac auscultation. Pulmonary auscultation. Evaluation for heart failure. Assessment for circulatory compromise, haemodynamic instability, or electrical instability. Posterior…

…The orientation and intensity of this vector fluctuate throughout the cardiac cycle as depolarization and repolarization progress [3]. The mean electrical axis is typically calculated…

…headedness, or loss of consciousness. No symptoms at the time of assessment. Ongoing chest discomfort with electrical or haemodynamic instability. Cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock…

…for a flat ETCO2 curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate blood flow or ineffective compressions…

…LVOT to improve the accuracy of the measurement. Flow velocity in LVOT : Velocity is measured in apical four chamber view (4C) or five chamber view …

…contractility of hypothermia are not tolerated. A decision to withhold further life sustaining treatment. Preparation and equipment Continuous core temperature measurement. An oesophageal probe or…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts…

…functional cardiac abnormality or raised natriuretic peptides is not mandatory for HFmrEF when the diagnosis of heart failure is clinically secure and the LVEF measurement…