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Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…the source material include cardiac memory after abnormal ventricular activation, transient rate related conduction abnormalities, pacing related repolarization changes, and inadequate coronary flow relative to…

STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…presenting feature. The source material emphasizes that patients and families should be educated to recognize chest discomfort or dyspnoea as potentially indicating myocardial infarction, particularly…

Hypertension: Initial Combination Therapy and Drug Selection

…treatment is used. The number of prescribed tablets is directly related to adherence, and simplifying the regimen may improve persistence and control. Medication should be…

Posterior Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis on the Standard ECG

…case; it may represent the posterior component of a broader infarct territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material addresses posterior infarction primarily in the…

Vulnerable Plaque and Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Occlusion

…STEMI). The traditional term “vulnerable plaque” describes an atherosclerotic lesion thought to be susceptible to disruption and thrombosis. Typical features include a lipid rich core…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood. Platelets adhere, become activated, and aggregate through glycoprotein IIb/IIIa mediated fibrinogen bridging. Tissue factor activation stimulates the coagulation…

Noradrenaline, Dobutamine and Levosimendan: Practical Infusion Use

…the source material, it is utilised alongside inotropes in acute heart failure to support systemic blood pressure through its infusion rate parameters. Clinical Presentation and…

Isoprenaline and Dopamine Infusions for Bradycardia

…progress to hemodynamic instability, presenting as shock or cardiac arrest manifesting as bradyarrhythmic arrest, asystole, or pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The…

Casting and immobilisation

…takes longer to set Synthetic cast material (fibreglass) Lighter, stronger, radiolucent, tolerates moisture better, more expensive and stiffer to mould Elastic bandage Holds the slab…

Arterial Hypertension: Definition, Diagnosis and Out-of-Office Measurement

…measurement is consequently central to diagnosis and long term management. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe the typical symptoms or symptom…

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