…to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a…

…the suspected focus, but avoid sampling that delays antibiotics 6 Take a targeted history and examine the patient, with particular attention to the mouth, throat…

…oedema, together with at least one of the following: airway compromise respiratory compromise circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to a drug, insect…

…to change management. In patients with a very low probability of obstructive CAD, testing may generate false positive results and unnecessary downstream procedures. In patients…

…a recent myocardial infarction. UA belongs to the broader spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, which may present with recent changes in symptoms or signs, with…

…sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites…

…new bradycardia and acute kidney injury may be at greater immediate risk than a stable dialysis patient with a plasma potassium of 6.6 mmol…

…significant metabolic risk. 3 For patients with a BMI below 35 kg/m², direct assessments such as waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, or dual…

…symptoms New confusion Severe headache Persistent nausea Moderately reduced consciousness Marked gait instability The specificity of the symptoms is limited. In a patient with moderate…

…coronary and renal perfusion, particularly in patients with long standing hypertension and a rightward shifted autoregulation [1,3]. The term hypertensive urgency is best avoided…

…pads if the patient is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood count, electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, high sensitivity troponin and…

…or cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with marked…

…appropriate intensity, with attention to the emergence of symptoms. Evaluation Before Rehabilitation Clinical assessment Rehabilitation begins with patient assessment and ongoing medical surveillance. The programme…

…laboratory abnormalities indicate end organ injury. Eclampsia is the occurrence of new onset seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome—haemolysis…

…surrounding a sudden cardiac arrest, uncertainty may arise with regard to no flow time, low flow time, patient preferences, patient background, and the decision to…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…half of all patients with heart failure die suddenly, as a result of ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation). Early diagnosis and aggressive management can…

…no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (i.e. CCS). The new guidelines are based on data derived…

…no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (i.e CCS). The new guidelines are based on data derived…

…half of all patients with heart failure die suddenly, as a result of ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation). Early diagnosis and aggressive management can…

…to acute coronary syndromes. An acute coronary syndrome is the result of a perfect storm scenario, where disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque coincides with a…

…of an intimal tear or flap. AAS is classified anatomically according to involvement of the ascending aorta: Stanford type A: involves the ascending aorta, with…

…guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients presenting with intermittent symptoms of bradycardia, it is fundamental to establish a temporal correlation…

…to a PCI capable centre. I C Reperfusion therapy Management Recommendation Level of evidence Reperfusion is indicated in all patients with symptoms of ischaemia of…

…ECG Management and treatment of AV blocks (AV block 1, 2 & 3) Evaluation of patients with suspected AV blocks requires a thorough medical history (with…

…should be individualized according to the patient, device, procedure, and anticipated electrical environment. Preoperative evaluation Establish the nature and function of the device The following…

…through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of…

…of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant, which is why expeditious management is warranted. Initial management includes assessing the patient…

…the management of cardiac arrest. Recurrent VT or VF after ROSC in a patient with a coronary risk profile should lead to consideration to perform…

…fifth of adults during a hospital episode in international studies and is linked to substantial mortality, even though incidence and prognosis vary widely between patient…

…composed of extracellular cholesterol crystals, apoptotic and necrotic macrophage debris, and abundant tissue factor [9] . The transition from a stable plaque to a high risk…

…In the management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low…

…to the antidotes, analytical methods and treatment protocols that are available where you practise. Initial management of all poisonings ABCDE Step Assessment and action : : A…

…instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to have complete LMCA occlusion, likely…

…and third degree AV blocks. Readers already familiar with the basics of AV blocks can proceed directly to the subsequent chapters, which provide detailed discussions…

…be checked with a capillary or venous measurement [5]. Treatment The awake patient who can swallow safely Give 15 to 20 g of rapid acting…

…common to provide the patient with a permanent pacemaker to continue optimal medical treatment. Sick sinus syndrome (sinus node dysfunction), a common cause of brady

…incorrect measurement may lead to misclassification. Blood pressure should be measured with a validated and calibrated device using a consistent method for the individual patient…

…or progress to chronic limb threatening ischaemia (CLTI). Clinical presentation and symptoms Asymptomatic and atypical disease Fewer than half of patients with PAD have typical…

…The ASCVD implications of chylomicronaemia itself remain uncertain, whereas moderate HTG, approximately 150–500 mg/dL, is associated with increased ASCVD risk. Management in this…

…automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning with a discussion of the underlying mechanisms of cardiac…

…conduction. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with atrial flutter typically present with symptoms related to high ventricular rates and the loss of the atrial kick…

…comprehensive risk factor management and, in appropriate patients, selection of glucose lowering therapies with demonstrated cardiovascular effects. Diabetes may also contribute to arrhythmogenesis through diabetic…

…the syndrome – which was named the Brugada syndrome – appeared to be hereditary, since many patients reported a family history of the same symptoms and events…

…for high risk mechanical complications. Determination of symptom onset time and anticipated time to primary PCI. Patients with STEMI should be monitored in a setting…

…escalation to catheter ablation or mechanical circulatory support remains a viable therapeutic pathway [4]. Furthermore, in the peri operative setting, patients at high risk for…

…stressor superimposed on the patient's baseline cardiovascular state. For instance, a patient with stable CAD may present with clinical manifestations of myocardial ischaemia following…

…levels of myocardial proteins. These proteins are cardiac troponins (henceforth referred to only as troponins). When elevated troponin levels are confirmed in patients with STE…

…lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves (the lateral aspects of the fingers…

…and guide appropriate management strategies. For instance, administering nitroglycerin to alleviate ischemic chest pain may lead to hemodynamic collapse in patients with right ventricular ischemia…

…Hence, whenever a patient with a pacemaker presents with tachyarrhythmia and the QRS complexes appear with a left bundle branch block pattern, always suspect pacemaker…

…In patients presenting with angioedema, a rapid assessment of the airway is paramount to evaluate for impending respiratory compromise. Diagnostics The diagnosis of ACE inhibitor…

…For example, a patient with acute graft occlusion may report an abrupt reduction in walking distance before claudication, accompanied by moderate pain or paresthesia, while…

…of high Lp(a); individuals with cardiovascular disease that is not explained by major conventional risk factors; patients at moderate risk or close to a…

…with obstructive atherosclerotic disease. Patients with MINOCA tend to be younger and more often female than patients with atherosclerotic mediated myocardial infarction. A history of…

…includes patients with a confirmed NSTEMI, patients with a working diagnosis of NSTE ACS and a high probability of unstable angina (UA), and patients whose…

…for patients with risk factors. Check what applies in your own region. The time limit is not a guarantee. Where the stroke risk is high…

…ischemia causes a state similar to SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) with risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, impaired vasoregulation, etc. With regard to the…

…or functional impairment of the left bundle branch (LBB), leading to a blockage of electrical impulse conduction through this bundle. Consequently, depolarization of the left…

…or cerebrovascular accident at a young age in the patient or family Hypertensive first degree relatives of patients with PA Patients with hypokalaemia may develop…