…initial doses of 6 to 12 mg, followed by a flush. Doses as low as 2.5 mg may terminate some tachycardias, and doses of…

…increases with higher statin doses and with several patient and treatment related factors: Age older than 80 years Female sex Low body mass index Asian…

…kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilatation in the coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Few Dopamine — intermediate dose Cardiogenic shock…

…g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin). Patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min)…

…those found in plasma. Plasma clearance is low, renal excretion is negligible, and doses do not require reduction in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone…

…Doses 5 μg/kg/min induces vasoconstriction, which dominates at dosease 15 μg/kg/min. Tachycardia Increased ventricular rate in AF Ventricular arrhythmias…

…Doses 5 μg/kg/min induces vasoconstriction, which dominates at dosease 15 μg/kg/min. Tachycardia Increased ventricular rate in AF Ventricular arrhythmias…

…at low energy and is difficult to terminate pharmacologically. Ectopic atrial tachycardia or SVT that has not been terminated by vagal manoeuvres, adenosine or rate…

…of 0 indicates low risk. Anticoagulation A DOAC is the first choice in pulmonary embolism without malignancy and without antiphospholipid syndrome. The doses in venous…

…earlier techniques. Radiation exposure depends on the protocol and scanner; CAC scanning is associated with a particularly low dose, approximately 1–2 mSv, while contemporary…

Procedurer Injection technique is treated as self evident and is therefore often done wrongly. The two commonest errors are that an intramuscular injection in fact…

…a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation, chest movement and…

…difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease…

…infusion rate parameters. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute heart failure necessitating inotropic or vasopressor support typically manifests in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, low…

…and alcohol use. A high bleeding risk score should prompt correction of modifiable risk factors and closer surveillance; it does not, by itself, establish that…

…prompt termination of the stress test (refer to Termination criteria during stress testing). Dyspnea (dyspnoea) Exercise does lead to tachypnea (increased respiratory rate), which should…

…pressure (MAP) = diastolic + (systolic − diastolic)/3 Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate SVR = 80 × (MAP − CVP) / CO PVR = 80 × (mean PA…

…acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value does not define a hypertensive emergency. Even a blood pressure above 220/120…

…in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm (which is the normal rhythm) has the following characteristics: (1) heart rate 50–100 beats per minute; (2…

…when the sinus rate is extremely low—such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after…

…Lathundar About this quick reference Treatment protocols differ between regions. Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care…

…symptoms, a 12 lead ECG, heart rate and blood pressure are monitored. The test is generally symptom limited and is stopped when limiting symptoms, significant…

…be due to the low amplitude (voltage) of the potentials generated by activated myocardium. Functional undersensing occurs when the pacemaker does not sense intrinsic activity…

…done through an external device that communicates wirelessly with the pacemaker. A wide range of settings can be adjusted. These settings include the base rate…

…the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation. Therefore, alterations in heart rate, stroke volume, or vascular tone can significantly impact MAP…

…hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output…

…of cholesterol delivered to the liver. The resulting hepatic response includes increased expression of low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), which enhances removal of circulating LDL…

…low image resolution. High frequency waves provide good image resolution but worse penetration. Visualizing objects located in close proximity to the transducer, therefore, is done…

…Rate control implies the use of medications that slow ventricular rate (beta blockers being the mainstay of this therapy). Rate control does not affect the…

…inadequate response. First line treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated doses of an inhaled short acting β2 agonist, ipratropium in more severe attacks, and a…

…significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure…

…low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type…

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

…shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness. Although BLS is…

…SGLT2 is a high capacity, low affinity transporter situated in the S1 and S2 segments of the renal proximal tubule. It accounts for approximately 90…

…is a highly trabeculated, windsock like embryonic remnant that exhibits uniquely low flow velocities during the loss of organized atrial systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical…

…common in patients with inferoposterior left ventricular infarction, while infarction confined predominantly to the right ventricle is rare. The clinical spectrum extends from limited right…

…coronary blood flow. As observed with tracers such as technetium 99m and thallium 201, uptake increases linearly at low coronary flow rates. However, as flow…

…at any dose Low Can be stopped straight away 3 weeks, prednisolone < 5 mg/day Low to moderate Can usually be stopped without a…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and scope Alcohol has dose , pattern , duration , sex , and genetically influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic…

…consider within 15 hours of the last dose. Andexanet alfa where available Low molecular weight heparin Protamine has only a partial effect Unfractionated heparin Protamine…

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

…PCSK9 synthesis decreases circulating PCSK9, increases the availability of hepatic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) receptors at the cell surface, and thereby enhances removal…

…and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…Treatment • No prior treatment, low dose, or low intensity lipid lowering therapy: • Start high potency, high dose statin therapy (Class I recommendation). • Immediate combination with…

…estimated 10 year cardiovascular risk of 10%. Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal myocardial infarction with low dose aspirin. Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal…

…not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose methotrexate did not reduce cardiovascular outcomes, and several other agents…

…The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel or ticagrelor…

…Prescribe basal insulin, mealtime insulin and the correction dose as three separate entries on the drug chart. Glucose targets on the ward Situation Target plasma…

…TTR) should exceed 70 % Venous thromboembolism 2.0–3.0 Overlap with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for at least 5 days Mechanical aortic valve…

…lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and maximum fixed energy shocks outperform low escalating…

…blood pressure close to target. Low dose combination therapy generally produces faster and more consistent blood pressure reduction than monotherapy. It may also reduce treatment…

…be well NIHSS A complete score by a physician or nurse experienced in stroke Functional impact A low NIHSS does not exclude a disabling deficit…

…IV plus 1.5 g for the first dose, then 1 g × 1 IV Clostridioides difficile, primary infection, low risk of recurrence vancomycin 125 mg …

…per 2 h is a reasonable target ScvO₂ 70–80 % A low value suggests inadequate oxygen delivery Capillary refill < 3 s Equivalent to lactate…

…doses of 75–100 mg daily appear to provide similar efficacy to higher doses while reducing bleeding risk. Low dose aspirin is also preferred in…

…during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate reduced cardiac output or impaired renal perfusion. Many patients have preserved cardiac…

…sirolimus In transplantation, corticosteroids can promote insulin resistance, free fatty acid synthesis and very low density lipoprotein production. Cyclosporine raises LDL cholesterol, partly by reducing…

…ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing structures. The ultrasound image misrepresents the echogenicity of structures…