…Doses as low as 2.5 mg may terminate some tachycardias, and doses of 12 mg or less successfully terminate 92% of supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs…

…likelihood of SAMS increases with higher statin doses and with several patient and treatment related factors: Age older than 80 years Female sex Low body…

…low dose Dobutamine Levosimendan Amrinone Milrinone Nitroglycerin Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its…

…in patients on low dose acetylsalicylic acid for cardioprotection. Pharmacokinetic interactions Methotrexate: NSAIDs inhibit tubular secretion of methotrexate, increasing plasma levels and risk of toxicity…

…low, renal excretion is negligible, and doses do not require reduction in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of…

…inotropes and vasopressors Drug Indications Dose α1 effect β1 effect β2 effect D1/D2 effect Result Side Effects Dopamine low dose Rarely used Low dose…

…inotropes and vasopressors Drug Indications Dose α1 effect β1 effect β2 effect D1/D2 effect Result Side Effects Dopamine low dose Rarely used Low dose…

…ventricular rate. Elective or subacute: Symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation where rhythm control is the aim. Atrial flutter, which often converts at low energy and is…

…sPESI of 0 indicates low risk. Anticoagulation A DOAC is the first choice in pulmonary embolism without malignancy and without antiphospholipid syndrome. The doses in…

…stable chest pain, no previous diagnosis of CAD, and a low clinical likelihood of obstructive disease when good image quality is expected. It is also…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…low Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation. Assess ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and the possibility of…

…the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD…

…infusion rate parameters. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute heart failure necessitating inotropic or vasopressor support typically manifests in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, low…

…develop during acute management. AF is often haemodynamically tolerated and may require no specific acute therapy beyond appropriate anticoagulation and management of ventricular rate. However…

…intensity of the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth…

…PE) ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Vital signs and measures of perfusion Parameter Normal Comment : : : Heart rate 50–100/min MAP 70–105 mmHg Target ≥ 65…

…limit the damage. The choice of drug, the target pressure and the rate of treatment are determined by the affected organ function, not by the…

…repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in the atrioventricular node and the QRS complex does not…

…hypotension or ventricular ectopy is generally asymptomatic and hemodynamically stable. However, when the sinus rate is extremely low—such as less than 40 to 50…

…rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises the order in which measures are taken and…

…myocardial oxygen demand through increases in heart rate, myocardial contractility and blood pressure. When coronary blood flow cannot increase adequately because of flow limiting disease…

…be due to the low amplitude (voltage) of the potentials generated by activated myocardium. Functional undersensing occurs when the pacemaker does not sense intrinsic activity…

…the lowest heart rate allowed, which triggers the pacemaker), the behavior of the pacemaker at low and high heart rate, the behavior of the pacemaker…

…in heart rate, stroke volume, or vascular tone can significantly impact MAP, reflecting the dynamic interplay between cardiac function and vascular resistance. Advantages of measuring…

…evaluation of patients receiving digoxin reveals specific electrophysiologic profiles. Digoxin's autonomic actions largely slow the sinus node discharge rate, shorten atrial refractoriness, and prolong…

…reduction required is greater than can reasonably be obtained with a statin alone but does not necessarily require the larger effect of a PCSK9 inhibitor…

…of gain applied to incoming sound waves. This is done using gain control or time gain compensation (TGC) . Figure 1. TGC (time gain compensation) and…

…restore sinus rhythm by use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Randomized controlled trials have not demonstrated any clear difference in mortality when comparing rate and rhythm control…

…in hypoxaemia, repeated doses of an inhaled short acting β2 agonist, ipratropium in more severe attacks, and a systemic steroid given early [2,3]. Grading…

…rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI…

…low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type…

…material does not specify symptom patterns in detail. Physical manifestations Tendinous xanthomas, particularly over extensor tendons, are characteristic clinical manifestations of untreated FH and may…

…airway by tilting the head backward and lifting the chin up. Does the person breathe? Look for respiratory signs for 10 seconds. Palpation of pulses :…

…capacity, low affinity transporter situated in the S1 and S2 segments of the renal proximal tubule. It accounts for approximately 90% of renal glucose reabsorption…

…consequence of this triad is severe: cardioembolic strokes associated with AF are typically larger, present with more severe neurological deficits, and carry higher rates of…

…hypotension, marked low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to guide therapy…

…linearly at low coronary flow rates. However, as flow continues to rise, tracer uptake plateaus. This saturation effect can lead to an underestimation of blood…

…doses according to the local protocol. Tapering after pharmacological treatment Duration and dose Risk of HPA suppression Tapering : : : < 3 weeks, at any dose Low…

…women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde…

…consider within 15 hours of the last dose. Andexanet alfa where available Low molecular weight heparin Protamine has only a partial effect Unfractionated heparin Protamine…

…synthesis and may affect epigenetic regulation through changes in DNA acetylation. Lipid lowering efficacy Bempedoic acid is available as a single daily dose of 180…

…a dose dependent reduction in PCSK9 and LDL C. Across clinical studies, LDL C reductions have generally been approximately 50%, with reported reductions of up…

…artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein…

…Class I recommendation). • On highest tolerated dose statin and ezetimibe: • If LDL C < 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): No change. • If LDL…

…prevention trials involving individuals with an estimated 10 year cardiovascular risk of 10%. Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal myocardial infarction with low dose aspirin…

…provided proof of concept but was not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose methotrexate did not reduce…

…to clopidogrel; reducing the dose of prasugrel; extending DAPT beyond 12 months in carefully selected patients with high ischemic risk and low bleeding risk. These…

…in mind before sedation and endoscopy DPP 4 inhibitor A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal…

…life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the treatment is safe is not the starting dose but…

…lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and maximum fixed energy shocks outperform low escalating…

…orthostatic symptoms, and blood pressure close to target. Low dose combination therapy generally produces faster and more consistent blood pressure reduction than monotherapy. It may…

…Functional impact A low NIHSS does not exclude a disabling deficit, for example aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood…

…plus 1.5 g for the first dose, then 1 g × 1 IV Clostridioides difficile, primary infection, low risk of recurrence vancomycin 125 mg × 4…

…Low molecular weight heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45° Stress ulcer prophylaxis During mechanical ventilation, in coagulopathy, or with a history of…

…the absence of contraindications, using a loading dose followed by maintenance treatment. The source material does not specify the loading dose. Efficacy and harms In…

…whereas norepinephrine and/or inotropes are reserved for low output and hemodynamic instability. Evaluation and physical examination The objective of decongestion is clinical euvolemia rather…

…virological failure if it risks loss of suppression. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe specific symptoms or physical manifestations of HTG…

…the intensity of reflected sound waves. Structures with high echogenicity will reflect more ultrasound and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect…