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Delirium in older adults: quick reference

…as acute brain failure. It is precipitated by somatic illness, drugs, poisoning, withdrawal, surgery or several concurrent factors. A diagnosis of delirium is therefore the…

Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state: quick reference

…L Stupor or coma may occur Mixed picture of DKA and HHS Overlap is common. Treat as mixed DKA and HHS if the patient has…

Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…days, or shorter neutropenia with clinical risk factors International guidelines generally use a single temperature of 38.3 degrees as the threshold [4,5]. Some…

Cryotherapy of skin lesions

…a risk of permanent hypopigmentation. Areas with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound…

Drugs in the emergency setting

…otherwise stated. When the weight of a child aged 1–10 years is unknown: estimate it as (age in years + 4) × 2 kg , but use…

Antianginal Therapy: Beta-Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, Nitrates, and Ranolazine

…microvascular dysfunction, or combinations of these mechanisms. Drug selection can therefore be tailored to the suspected mechanism. No antianginal class has demonstrated consistent superiority for…

Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade

…Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus…

Exercise stress test (exercise ECG): protocols, evaluation & termination

…conclusive if the achieved workload is sufficient to provoke symptoms/signs that are not noticeable during rest. As a rule of thumb, the patient must…

Acute coronary syndrome: quick reference for loading doses and time targets

…lead ECG within 10 minutes. 3. Attach defibrillator pads if the patient is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood…

Acute stroke and thrombolysis: quick reference

…version 4 of 27 February 2024. The local stroke protocol and immediate contact with the on call stroke consultant or the thrombectomy centre take precedence…

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