…mm), loculated or purely posterior effusion with no safe route for puncture — surgical drainage or pericardiotomy instead. Relative: uncorrected coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia and ongoing anticoagulant treatment…

…Relative A very small or loculated effusion — consider image guided puncture in the radiology department The thresholds for the INR and the platelet count vary…

…and ventricular filling pressures. Effusions may be circumferential or, particularly after trauma or cardiac surgery, loculated. A loculated collection can produce regional cardiac compression and…