…and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy…

…m2 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 ​BSA, Body surface area; LA, left atrial; RA, right atrial.

Visual assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to…

…notched R waves in leads I, aVL, and the left precordial leads, and narrow r waves followed by broad, deep S waves in the right…

…stenosis Distal bifurcation involvement Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Left ventricular (LV) thrombus is an intracavitary clot attached to the LV endocardium, typically overlying an akinetic…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Atrial enlargement: left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) and right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic…

…To address these challenges, researchers have developed ECG criteria designed to identify ischemia in the presence of left bundle branch block. The most widely recognized…

…atrioventricular (AV) node, Bundle of His, bundle branches (left and right bundle branch), and Purkinje fibers. The conduction system allows for rapid spread of the…