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Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…occur as late as 2 weeks after infarction. Predisposing features Risk features vary by lesion but include: Older age. Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an…

Drug-Eluting Coronary Stents: Evolution, Evidence and Stent Choice

…be integrated with lesion anatomy, clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…crush technique, stent fracture or collapse Lesion specific angiographic features Residual dissection at a stent margin, impaired flow into or out of the stent, stent…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…report. A shave biopsy of a pigmented lesion that turns out to be a melanoma can make the Breslow thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

…alter the local vascular environment. The extracellular matrix is an active component of lesion development rather than merely a structural scaffold. Smooth muscle cells and…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…size A small post procedural luminal diameter A high degree of residual stenosis Long lesion length Diabetes Untreated edge dissection DES have reduced restenosis compared…

Liver parameters

…The tests that reflect the synthetic function of the liver are the prothrombin time (INR) , the albumin and the bilirubin — and they become abnormal late…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…of myocardial infarction (MI) has evolved significantly over the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of…

Post-Infarction Pericarditis and Dressler Syndrome

…is usually transient. Late post acute myocardial infarction pericarditis , traditionally termed Dressler syndrome , which is a manifestation of post cardiac injury syndrome (PCIS). PCIS is…

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…haemoglobin falls late in acute haemorrhage and a normal value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage meeting the criteria for activation of the…

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