…AVRT) Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT) Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia (JET) VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS Ventricular tachycardia Fascicular tachycardia FREQUENT ECTOPY Premature ventricular contractions (PVC) Premature atrial contractions…

…Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational diabetes Small for gestational age delivery Placental abruption Pregnancy loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional…

…is not visible because when impulses are discharged from the junctional area, atria and ventricles are depolarized simultaneously and ventricular depolarization (QRS) dominates the ECG…

…AVRT (pre excitation, WPW), junctional tachycardia. These tachyarrhythmias arise in the atria and are very rarely life threatening. Causes of tachyarrhythmia with wide QRS complexes…

…appear at rates of 40 to 48 beats per minute, occasionally accompanied by junctional escape beats, which may present with P waves at the onset…

…of digoxin toxicity. Toxicity can manifest as sinus bradycardia or sinus arrest, atrioventricular (AV) node block, and junctional, fascicular, or ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Patients may also…

…Sinoatrial block Junctional rhythm First degree AV block Second degree AV block Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach block) Pauses up to 4 seconds in patients with…

…referred to as a junctional rhythm . The His Purkinje network : All these fibers possess automaticity with an intrinsic rate of depolarization of around 20–40…

…such that they may cease and thus cause cardiac arrest. Junctional escape rhythm is more reliable (the risk of cardiac arrest is considerably lower). Moreover…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Stress echocardiography is a functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to…

…Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the epicardial coronary arteries and/or the coronary microcirculation…

…reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal…

…failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood…

…anatomical or functional impairment of the left bundle branch (LBB), leading to a blockage of electrical impulse conduction through this bundle. Consequently, depolarization of the…

…the hemodynamic significance of a coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades…

…defects ECG Right bundle branch block (RBBB) Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is due to an anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle branch…

…mm/m2 Sinus valsalva 29 45 mm 15 20 mm/m2 Sinotubular junction 22 36 mm 13 17 mm/m2 Ascending aorta 22 36 mm…

…biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional capacity, orthostatic symptoms, and treatment burden. Although older adults are often defined chronologically, age thresholds are intrinsically arbitrary…

…rehabilitation aims to: Restore and improve functional capacity Reduce disability and rehospitalization Improve quality of life and self efficacy Address modifiable cardiovascular risk factors Support…

…sarcopenia, cognitive function, functional capacity, and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…Coronary angiography remains primarily an anatomical examination, whereas contemporary decision making increasingly combines anatomical imaging with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the…

…vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular…

…of ≥50%, accompanied by objective evidence of structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities and/or elevated natriuretic peptides (NPs) [1] [2] . The evolution of HF…

…intraventricular conduction delays (defects), which are caused by functional or anatomical defects in the components of the intraventricular conduction system. Because the conduction system is…

…there is a discrepancy or uncertainty. Intravenous thrombolysis within 4.5 hours improves functional outcome in properly selected patients. Tenecteplase 0.25 mg/kg is…

…m2 Sinuses of Valsalva 29 45 mm 15 20 mm/m2 Sinotubular junction 22 36 mm 13 17 mm/m2 Ascending aorta 22 36 mm…

…Assessment of chronotropic function and pacemaker settings. Preoperative functional assessment before major surgery. At a low pre test probability most positive results are false positives…

…outcome TTM2 (2021) 33 °C versus normothermia with active fever prevention (intervention at ≥ 37.8 °C) No difference in 6 month mortality or functional outcome…

…on a central area of block, which encompasses both an anatomical barrier (the inferior vena cava) and a functional component. When the direction of the…

…early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease…

…and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic therapy. Anatomical and functional completeness are not synonymous. Anatomically incomplete revascularization may nevertheless be functionally complete if all lesions causing…

…abdominal distension and, in some patients, bendopnea. Congestion may also aggravate functional mitral regurgitation, ventricular dilatation, myocardial wall stress and subendocardial ischemia. Neurohormonal activation and…

…Its principal outputs are: Functional capacity and exercise tolerance Reproduction and characterization of symptoms Heart rate and blood pressure responses to exercise Detection of exercise…

…BNP ≥35 pg/mL or NT proBNP ≥125 pg/mL supports the diagnosis Structural or functional cardiac abnormality Evidence such as increased left atrial size…

…fraction (LVEF) ≥50%. Objective evidence of structural or functional cardiac abnormality consistent with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction or increased filling pressures, including raised natriuretic peptides…

…Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure measurements permit assessment of the physiological significance…

…myocardial tissue whose contractile function improves after coronary revascularization. This functional definition encompasses several physiological states. Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may…

…50%. Severe proximal disease of both the proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex arteries may constitute a functional equivalent of left main disease…

…30–50% of men. Microvascular angina (MVA) is myocardial ischaemia caused by structural or functional abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation. These abnormalities may impair coronary…

…and cardiac amyloidosis using appropriate radiopharmaceuticals. Functional perfusion imaging primarily identifies haemodynamically important disease. Non obstructive coronary atherosclerosis not associated with demonstrable ischaemia may therefore…

…arterial disease, heart failure, depression, dementia and osteoporosis. It also improves functional capacity, skeletal health, muscular strength, quality of life and psychological well being. Physical…

…atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and distinct coronary functional abnormalities may produce ischaemia without an obstructive epicardial lesion. Once conventional anti ischaemic targets have been exhausted, proposed…

…its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction. Endothelial dysfunction triggers leukocyte and platelet activation, while thrombotic debris…

…termed no reflow, structural and functional microvascular impairment persists despite restoration of epicardial flow. The electrocardiographic appearance depends on several interacting factors: The stage of…

…symptoms (SAMS). These range from diffuse myalgia with a normal CK and no functional impairment to myositis with muscle inflammation and elevated CK. Rhabdomyolysis is…

…devoid of CO 2 . Phase II (Rapid Expiration) : Represents the transition of air from anatomical dead space to functional alveolar space. Phase III (Alveolar Plateau…

…Ejection fraction is routinely examined at rest, which does not reveal the functional (maximum) capacity of the left ventricle, as this would require measuring the…

…parameters that must be evaluated and the final result of the test depends on an integrated assessment of six components: Symptoms Exercise performance (functional capacity…

…energy consumption at rest (sitting). METs may be used to describe the functional capacity during exercise stress testing. Results of treadmill tests are typically described…

…Left anterior fascicular block is due to anatomical or functional block in the anterior fascicle. Depolarization of the left ventricle will depend entirely on the…

…to the ventricles. Conduction through the AV node is intentionally slow (due to the low concentration of gap junctions in AV nodal cells), which allows…

…flow across cell membranes, enabling depolarization and repolarization, and between cells via gap junctions, facilitating the propagation of depolarization across the cells. Electrical potential differences…

…In contrast, modalities like echocardiography and ECG typically identify ischemia at later stages, when functional or electrical alterations are evident. Subjective symptoms (i.e. chest…

…is intensified [1,2]. The evidence that any particular intravenous drug improves mortality or long term functional outcome is limited. A Cochrane review found insufficient…

…Additionally, integrating functional assessments like fractional flow reserve (FFR) could enhance the score's predictive accuracy. The SYNTAX Score remains a cornerstone in the management…

…disorders, such as Brugada syndrome, long QT syndrome [LQTS] and early repolarization syndrome. These conditions have an underlying genetic basis and may precipitate lethal arrhythmias…

…chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical presentations arising from structural or functional abnormalities of the coronary arteries or coronary microcirculation…

…symptoms should be documented carefully. Longer standing and more severe pain or functional loss reduce the likelihood of successful limb salvage. Evaluation and physical examination…

…compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms of inducible ischaemia. The functional impact depends on the bridge’s thickness, length…