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Urinary catheterisation

…where urinary leakage prevents healing. Voiding problems in neurogenic bladder dysfunction, in the first instance with clean intermittent self catheterisation rather than an indwelling catheter…

Indications for pacemaker

…as well as carotid sinus hypersensitivity, can also result in bradycardia with syncope. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is an exaggerated response to carotid sinus baroreceptor…

Second-degree AV block: Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz type 2 block

…to AV Blocks). Second degree AV block is defined by the intermittent failure of atrial impulses to conduct to the ventricles, resulting in some P…

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…and at the same time indicates a substantially increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or leg…

Isoprenaline and Dopamine Infusions for Bradycardia

…frequently present with presyncope or syncope. Diagnosing transient or paroxysmal AV block in these individuals can be challenging. A high suspicion of intermittent infrahisian block…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…hours. The extent and tempo of injury are influenced by collateral flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and intermittent occlusion with reperfusion. Prompt reperfusion, when appropriate, reduces…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…Figure 4. Intermittent failure to capture. Figure 5. Failure to capture during the refractory period. Figure 6. Tachyarrhythmia with ventricular pacing. Failure to capture Definition…

Management of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia)

…guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients presenting with intermittent symptoms of bradycardia, it is fundamental to establish a temporal correlation…

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)

…to adequately increase its automaticity during physical activity). Sinus arrest & sinus pause (intermittent failures to discharge impulses). Sinoatrial block (delayed or blocked impulse conduction between…

🟠 Management of STEMI (ST-Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction)

…heart failure recurrent dynamic ST segment or T wave changes, particularly with intermittent ST segment elevation. I C Angiography within 24 h is recommended if…

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