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Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…is needed more often than it is used — not only in claudication, but before every compression treatment of a leg ulcer and as a risk…

Management of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia)

…the only treatment with class I recommendation according to European (ESC) and North American (AHA, ACC) guidelines. As in all clinical emergencies, the airway, breathing…

Peripheral Artery Disease: Diagnosis, Ankle–Brachial Index and Risk Management

…in patients who do not exert themselves sufficiently to provoke symptoms. Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication is exertional discomfort in a limb muscle that improves with…

🟠 Reference values for adult ECG

…Mobitz type II : intermittently blocked atrial impulses (no QRS seen after P) but with constant PR interval. Third degree AV block : All atrial impulses (P…

How to interpret the ECG: A systematic approach

…Mobitz type II : intermittently blocked atrial impulses (no QRS seen after P) but with constant PR interval. Third degree AV block : All atrial impulses (P…

Indications for pacemaker

…of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic syndrome (which includes vasovagal syncope), as well as carotid sinus hypersensitivity…

Second-degree AV block: Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz type 2 block

…block is defined by the intermittent failure of atrial impulses to conduct to the ventricles, resulting in some P waves not being followed by QRS…

Urinary catheterisation

…Voiding problems in neurogenic bladder dysfunction, in the first instance with clean intermittent self catheterisation rather than an indwelling catheter. A catheter is not, however…

Isoprenaline and Dopamine Infusions for Bradycardia

…risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with bradycardia or intermittent conduction disorders frequently present with presyncope or syncope. Diagnosing transient or paroxysmal…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…hours. The extent and tempo of injury are influenced by collateral flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and intermittent occlusion with reperfusion. Prompt reperfusion, when appropriate, reduces…

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