CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine. By reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, it decreases the quantity of cholesterol delivered to the liver…

…or is there approaching, an indication for dialysis? AKI occurs in about one fifth of adults during a hospital episode in international studies and is…

…admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis…

…a lumbar puncture is rarely the needle itself. It is the decision whether to perform it now or after imaging, how the patient is positioned…

…give the first dose of broad spectrum antibiotics within 60 minutes of triage or arrival. This is supported by international guidelines on neutropenic fever [2]…

…or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation, chest movement and a blood gas. Ventilate by mask in opioid…

…seizure lasting at least 5 minutes, or repeated generalised tonic clonic seizures without the patient regaining consciousness between them. Five minutes is the practical threshold…

…with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis and can also be seen when the bleeding is slow or has…

…ypertension A bnormal renal/liver function S troke B leeding history or predisposition L abile INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D…

…and patient preferences. The source material describes hypertension using differing thresholds across international guidance. One framework defines confirmed hypertension as blood pressure consistently above 130…

…cited international cohort evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by…

…persistent, long standing persistent and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is…

…to the ventricles. Conduction through the AV node is intentionally slow (due to the low concentration of gap junctions in AV nodal cells), which allows…

…Grade the severity by the most serious finding. A patient does not have to meet every criterion in a column. Clinical deterioration or a poor…

…HINTS plus by a trained examiner if nystagmus is present, neurological examination, gait and truncal stability Acute balance syndrome Acute persistent unsteadiness or ataxia without…

…The updated international grading comprises five levels, with mild skin and mucosal reactions in the lower grades and marked airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise in…

…provides more elemental calcium per millilitre and can be given rapidly through secure intravenous or intraosseous access. Grading There is no entirely uniform international grading…

…is guided by the saturation and the blood gas, not by the diagnosis alone. Indications Hypoxaemia: a saturation below the target range, or a PaO2…

…cohort. A 5 year risk threshold of 5% or higher, determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded…

…cohort. A 5 year risk threshold of 5% or higher, determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded…

…receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes. By directing the receptor toward intracellular degradation rather than recycling it to the hepatocyte surface, PCSK9 reduces hepatic clearance of…

…regarding the formal criteria for evaluating the success of TdP treatment or detailed step by step algorithms for alternative therapies when initial pharmacological approaches fail…

…arrhythmia via a standard 12 lead ECG or a single lead ECG tracing lasting ≥30 seconds, characterized by irregularly irregular R R intervals and the…

…An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be caused by myocardial ischemia…

…in the unit m (meters) and is denoted by the letter λ (lambda) . Note that The International System of Units is used throughout this book…