…foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs or other substances (including alcohol) causing cardiac arrest. Table 1. Classification…

…Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine. By reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, it decreases the quantity of cholesterol delivered to the liver…

…for dialysis? AKI occurs in about one fifth of adults during a hospital episode in international studies and is linked to substantial mortality, even though…

…guided by the clinical response and by repeated laboratory measurements, not by the values on admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international…

…haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before the puncture Swedish practice differs here from several international guidelines. The Swedish clinical care programme for bacterial…

…antibiotics within 60 minutes of triage or arrival. This is supported by international guidelines on neutropenic fever [2]. The direct evidence for exactly one hour…

…dosing, sampling and duration of treatment. International guidelines must be adapted to the antidotes, analytical methods and treatment protocols that are available where you practise…

…ladder below follow the Swedish local sequence given in the original article. International guidelines and studies support the same principles, but local choices of drug…

…coffee ground vomiting or melaena. Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis…

…renal/liver function S troke B leeding history or predisposition L abile INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly…

…and patient preferences. The source material describes hypertension using differing thresholds across international guidance. One framework defines confirmed hypertension as blood pressure consistently above 130…

…cited international cohort evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by…

…persistent, long standing persistent and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is…

…to the ventricles. Conduction through the AV node is intentionally slow (due to the low concentration of gap junctions in AV nodal cells), which allows…

…become calm, quiet in the chest and stopped struggling may be about to stop breathing. Diminishing wheeze means improvement only if air entry, speech, work…

…other central disease Neurological examination, gait and truncal stability, often MRI Episodic triggered vestibular syndrome Brief attacks, usually lasting seconds, reproducibly triggered by a particular…

…and no grading replaces immediate clinical assessment. The updated international grading comprises five levels, with mild skin and mucosal reactions in the lower grades and…

…be given rapidly through secure intravenous or intraosseous access. Grading There is no entirely uniform international grading. The following division is clinically useful and is…

…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…

5 Year Risk of Life Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias [calc_123lqts] Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which…

[calc_123lqts] Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade…

…statin therapy, an LDL C goal below 1.0 mmol/L (<40 mg/dL) may be considered in the circumstances specified by the guideline. PCSK9…

…and subsequent sudden death are rare, the arrhythmia is precipitated by an extensive list of "torsadegenic" or "QT liability" drugs. This includes Class III antiarrhythmic…

…mastering the nuances of anticoagulation requires an intimate understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, which is classically framed by Virchow’s triad: blood stasis, endothelial dysfunction…

…ST segment elevations that are not caused by ischemia and a significant proportion have ST T changes caused by other pathological conditions (such as bundle…

…in the unit m (meters) and is denoted by the letter λ (lambda) . Note that The International System of Units is used throughout this book…