…al. ). Figure 1 presents data from the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry, which has recorded causes of cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies…

…Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine. By reducing intestinal cholesterol…

…for dialysis? AKI occurs in about one fifth of adults during a hospital episode in international studies and is linked to substantial mortality, even though…

…to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis. A very high glucose…

…haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before the puncture Swedish practice differs here from several international guidelines. The Swedish clinical care programme for bacterial…

…A practical target: give the first dose of broad spectrum antibiotics within 60 minutes of triage or arrival. This is supported by international guidelines on…

…If intubation is necessary, a high minute ventilation and careful control of the pH must be maintained. History and gathering information Ask about: the substance…

…prepare step 2 at the same time By about 10 to 20 minutes at the latest Give a full loading dose of an intravenous antiseizure…

…managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the differential diagnosis includes oesophagitis, gastritis, a Mallory…

…data from the EuroHeart survey. Components of the HAS BLED Score The HAS BLED score is an acronym that stands for: H ypertension A bnormal…

…from different classes. By acting on more than one pathophysiological pathway, combinations generally lower blood pressure more effectively than simply increasing the dose of a…

…disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by non HDL cholesterol. For myocardial infarction, the leading contributors include high non HDL cholesterol…

…labile international normalized ratio (INR), older age, drugs predisposing to bleeding and alcohol use. A high bleeding risk score should prompt correction of modifiable risk…

…From these branches and fascicles, Purkinje fibers extend into the myocardium. Conduction through the Purkinje system is very rapid, due to the high density of…

…and a systemic steroid given early [2,3]. Grading Grade the severity by the most serious finding. A patient does not have to meet every…

…haemorrhage, drug toxicity, demyelination HINTS plus by a trained examiner if nystagmus is present, neurological examination, gait and truncal stability Acute balance syndrome Acute persistent…

…progressive symptoms from several organ systems severe abdominal pain or repeated vomiting after probable allergen exposure sudden hypotension or severe bronchospasm during anaesthesia, a drug…

…is high [1,2]. 1. Perform an ABCDE assessment, attach cardiac monitoring, secure intravenous access and record an ECG. 2. Confirm the potassium with a…

…headache. High flow oxygen on a reservoir mask is the first line treatment during an attack and aborts most attacks within 15–20 minutes. An…

…independent cohort of 1,689 patients from the International LQTS Registry in Rochester, NY, USA. The validation study reported a C index of 0.69…

…independent cohort of 1,689 patients from the International LQTS Registry in Rochester, NY, USA. The validation study reported a C index of 0.69…

…dL) , and A reduction of at least 50% from baseline . The treatment sequence is generally: High intensity statin therapy at the highest tolerated dose. Addition…

…ablation or mechanical circulatory support remains a viable therapeutic pathway [4]. Furthermore, in the peri operative setting, patients at high risk for malignant arrhythmias should…

…a decade, the CHA2DS2 VASc score has been the foundational tool for assessing thromboembolic risk. However, recent epidemiological data have prompted a divergence in international…

…recommendation issued by the International Society for Holter and Non Invasive Electrocardiology , where it is stated that it is extremely uncommon to have a non…

…in the unit m (meters) and is denoted by the letter λ (lambda) . Note that The International System of Units is used throughout this book…