…fewer cardiac arrests caused by these conditions ( Jerkeman et al ). It is often difficult to determine the cause of an out of hospital cardiac arrest…

…By reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, it decreases the quantity of cholesterol delivered to the liver. The resulting hepatic response includes increased expression of low density…

…for dialysis? AKI occurs in about one fifth of adults during a hospital episode in international studies and is linked to substantial mortality, even though…

…not by the values on admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three…

…of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before the puncture Swedish practice differs here from several international…

…occurs 7 to 14 days after a course of chemotherapy, but the timing varies considerably between regimens. Neutropenia can also be caused by haematological malignancy…

…duration of treatment. International guidelines must be adapted to the antidotes, analytical methods and treatment protocols that are available where you practise. Initial management of…

…2 at the same time By about 10 to 20 minutes at the latest Give a full loading dose of an intravenous antiseizure drug If…

…balanced crystalloid in the first instance. Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the blood pressure, pulse, peripheral perfusion…

…BLED score is a widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF…

…guideline framework. Combination therapy is based on the complementary mechanisms of drugs from different classes. By acting on more than one pathophysiological pathway, combinations generally…

…cited international cohort evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by…

…labile international normalized ratio (INR), older age, drugs predisposing to bleeding and alcohol use. A high bleeding risk score should prompt correction of modifiable risk…

…impulses from the atria to the ventricles. Conduction through the AV node is intentionally slow (due to the low concentration of gap junctions in AV…

…before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or…

…but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed…

…after exposure to a known or probable allergen , even if skin symptoms are absent [1,4]. Typical warning symptoms are: hoarseness, stridor, swelling of the…

…international grading. The following division is clinically useful and is consistent with commonly used guidelines [1,3]. Level Plasma potassium Management : : : Mild 5.5 to…

…to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of…

…determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of nine (95% CI…

…determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of nine (95% CI…

…effect not shared to the same extent by statins. Inclisiran Inclisiran is a liver targeted small interfering RNA. It promotes degradation of the messenger RNA…

…for evaluating the success of TdP treatment or detailed step by step algorithms for alternative therapies when initial pharmacological approaches fail to suppress the arrhythmia…

…divergence in international guidelines regarding the role of biological sex. The 2024 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines formally updated the acronym to CHA2DS2 VA…

…latest recommendation issued by the International Society for Holter and Non Invasive Electrocardiology , where it is stated that it is extremely uncommon to have a…

…in the unit m (meters) and is denoted by the letter λ (lambda) . Note that The International System of Units is used throughout this book…