…ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic tone) while others take months or years to develop (e.g. myocardial remodeling in heart failure or after myocardial infarction). Ventricular…

…is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine. By reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption…

…affected by muscle mass, nutrition, drugs and fluid balance. Fluid administration can dilute the creatinine and mask the deterioration, while dehydration can concentrate it. In…

…guided by the clinical response and by repeated laboratory measurements, not by the values on admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international…

…and that the tubes go to the right place. In suspected bacterial meningitis it is the time to antibiotics that saves the patient — the puncture…

…or arrival. This is supported by international guidelines on neutropenic fever [2]. The direct evidence for exactly one hour in neutropenic fever is limited, but…

…Ventilate by mask in opioid induced respiratory depression while naloxone is prepared C Pulse, blood pressure, peripheral perfusion, two intravenous cannulae and continuous ECG monitoring…

…local sequence given in the original article. International guidelines and studies support the same principles, but local choices of drug, formulations and infusion rates may…

…Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis and can also be seen…

…BLED score is a widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF…

…and some patients may benefit from a more individualized selection strategy. When to Initiate Pharmacological Treatment Lifestyle intervention is an essential component of care. In…

…of the population attributable risk of cardiovascular mortality and approximately one fifth of the risk of all cause mortality in the cited international cohort evidence…

…artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk is heterogeneous and is determined principally by the…

…innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers. Sympathetic stimulation enhances impulse conduction through the AV node, a phenomenon known as the bathmotropic effect . In…

…β2 agonist, ipratropium in more severe attacks, and a systemic steroid given early [2,3]. Grading Grade the severity by the most serious finding. A…

…gait and truncal stability, often MRI Episodic triggered vestibular syndrome Brief attacks, usually lasting seconds, reproducibly triggered by a particular change in position Benign positional…

…updated international grading comprises five levels, with mild skin and mucosal reactions in the lower grades and marked airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise in the…

…management in brief The intensity of treatment is governed by ECG changes, symptoms, the rate of rise, renal function and the clinical context , not by…

…air and speeds resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and…

…developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with an independent cohort of 1,689 patients from the International LQTS Registry in Rochester…

…developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with an independent cohort of 1,689 patients from the International LQTS Registry in Rochester…

…LDL receptor. They lower LDL C by approximately 50–60%, including in patients receiving background statin therapy and in those unable to tolerate statins, provided…

…syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]. The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as…

…is classically framed by Virchow’s triad: blood stasis, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability [1] [2] . Mechanical stasis in AF is most pronounced in the left…

…by ischemia will always result in ischemic ST T changes. This is acknowledged in the latest recommendation issued by the International Society for Holter and…

…and 17 meters (m). The wavelength is indicated in the unit m (meters) and is denoted by the letter λ (lambda) . Note that The International…