CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…By reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, it decreases the quantity of cholesterol delivered to the liver. The resulting hepatic response includes increased expression of low density…

…value alone but by the course, urine output, volume status, electrolytes, acid base status and the underlying cause. KDIGO recommends prompt investigation of reversible causes…

…not by the values on admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three…

…of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before the puncture Swedish practice differs here from several international…

…target: give the first dose of broad spectrum antibiotics within 60 minutes of triage or arrival. This is supported by international guidelines on neutropenic fever…

…duration of treatment. International guidelines must be adapted to the antidotes, analytical methods and treatment protocols that are available where you practise. Initial management of…

…sequence given in the original article. International guidelines and studies support the same principles, but local choices of drug, formulations and infusion rates may differ…

…results are influenced by the fact that the sickest patients are more often intubated [4]. Intubation is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with…

…INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point, with a maximum score of 9…

…guideline framework. Combination therapy is based on the complementary mechanisms of drugs from different classes. By acting on more than one pathophysiological pathway, combinations generally…

…cited international cohort evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by…

…labile international normalized ratio (INR), older age, drugs predisposing to bleeding and alcohol use. A high bleeding risk score should prompt correction of modifiable risk…

…to the ventricles. Conduction through the AV node is intentionally slow (due to the low concentration of gap junctions in AV nodal cells), which allows…

…is characterised by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation causes air trapping and dynamic hyperinflation. The consequences are increased work of breathing…

…but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

…brief The intensity of treatment is governed by ECG changes, symptoms, the rate of rise, renal function and the clinical context , not by the potassium…

…to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of…

…determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of nine (95% CI…

…determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of nine (95% CI…

…By directing the receptor toward intracellular degradation rather than recycling it to the hepatocyte surface, PCSK9 reduces hepatic clearance of circulating LDL cholesterol (LDL C…

…and subsequent sudden death are rare, the arrhythmia is precipitated by an extensive list of "torsadegenic" or "QT liability" drugs. This includes Class III antiarrhythmic…

…characterized by elevated biomarkers such as D dimer, von Willebrand factor, and increased thrombin generation. The clinical consequence of this triad is severe: cardioembolic strokes…

…be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper…

…in the unit m (meters) and is denoted by the letter λ (lambda) . Note that The International System of Units is used throughout this book…