…electrolyte imbalances are clinically negligible (from an electrophysiological standpoint), whereas others may be life threatening. The most common and clinically most relevant electrolyte imbalances concern…

…opposite in each case. Equivalent doses Agent Equivalent glucocorticoid dose Mineralocorticoid effect Biological half life : : : : Hydrocortisone (cortisol) 20 mg Marked Short, 8–12 hours Prednisolone…

…body. 6. Check the plasma potassium after about 1 hour and follow the plasma glucose closely for at least 6 hours after insulin. 7. Contact…

…A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes. The single most dangerous…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and…

…adrenaline in anaphylaxis, ceftriaxone, ferric carboxymaltose Rapid, 10–20 min Subcutaneous (SC) Insulin, low molecular weight heparin, GLP 1 analogues, methotrexate, biological agents, adrenaline (second…

…as commonly occurs with obesity, diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Because triglyceride rich particles contribute additional cholesterol—often approximately 30 mg/dL…

…bioactive compounds from nuts; and antioxidant and antithrombotic constituents from whole grains. These combined effects may improve inflammation, insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidaemia…

…dL ( 5.6 mmol/L) Triglyceride rich lipoproteins, remnant lipoproteins and insulin resistance are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly in peripheral arterial disease…

…Currently, opioid overdose stands as a predominant etiological factor for cardiac arrest within this demographic on a global scale. Numerous substances possess the potential to…

…mmol/L and acidosis, the ketosis must be treated immediately with DKA dose insulin, while the osmolality is corrected cautiously [1,3]. Euglycaemic DKA Euglycaemic…

…enhanced elimination. For many poisonings, well delivered supportive treatment matters more than the antidote [1,2]. Telephone your national or regional poison control centre , which…

…rheumatoid factor and anti cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. RA is also accompanied by a higher prevalence of conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Smoking and insulin resistance…

…Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the broader cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome, in which adiposity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension…

…particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome Elevated triglycerides Low or apparently well controlled LDL C…

…low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type…