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Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow. The resulting ischaemia threatens skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of…

Acute kidney injury: quick reference for management

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…and bleeding complications than femoral access. In patients with acute coronary syndrome, randomized evidence has demonstrated lower rates of access site bleeding, surgical repair, and…

Immediate Management of Type A and Type B Aortic Dissection

…particularly in iatrogenic aortic injury. Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared…

Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Assessment and Prevention

…many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The…

Cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

Care after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)

…the victim's outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial dysfunction Systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia Effects of the underlying cause of cardiac arrest Neurological injuries may…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

Urinary alkalinisation

…is part of the treatment itself. Indications Salicylate poisoning with symptoms or a rising serum concentration. Alkalinisation increases renal elimination several fold and at the…

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