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Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…fatty liver disease is also independently related to cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary artery disease. Hyperuricaemia and Endothelial Dysfunction Insulin resistance impairs renal tubular handling of…

Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders as Future Cardiovascular Risk

…the occurrence of new onset seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome—haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes or transaminases, and thrombocytopenia—is…

Liver parameters

…ultrasound of the liver and biliary tract . Go through the medication and any herbal preparations carefully — drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause of…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…morphine Morphine has an active renally excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory depression Marked liver failure A reduced dose of all of them…

🟠 Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)

…to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes

…No conversion formula (between troponin I and T) has been validated. The risk of interference with antibodies in the blood is higher for troponin I…

Acute kidney injury: quick reference for management

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…coronary occlusion and progress over time. Experimentally, necrosis advances from the subendocardium towards the subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury are…

Reduction of dislocations

…longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a…

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