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Eye examination and corneal foreign body

…body from the conjunctiva or the cornea. Never use a cotton bud on an embedded corneal foreign body — it scrapes away a large area of…

Posterior Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis on the Standard ECG

…membrane potential and action potential duration of affected myocardial cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are…

Acute kidney injury: quick reference for management

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…is a rise and/or fall in cTn values. An elevated cTn alone does not establish MI, because myocardial injury may occur without myocardial ischaemia…

Reduction of dislocations

…longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

… female sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy and technically difficult PCI. For peri procedural stroke…

Immediate Management of Type A and Type B Aortic Dissection

…refractory pain and hypertension despite treatment. A related entity is non A non B dissection , which involves the arch without involvement of the ascending aorta…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…myocardial injury and type 2 infarction is particularly important. Type 2 infarction requires clinical evidence of ischaemia; an elevated and dynamically changing troponin concentration without…

STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…The extent of myocardial injury is strongly influenced by total ischaemic time. This interval includes: The time from symptom onset to recognition and seeking medical…

Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Assessment and Prevention

…many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The…

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