…portion of the chest or the epigastrium and occasionally radiates to the arms. Less common sites of radiation include the abdomen, back, lower jaw, and…

…or blood products. Contrast medium for CT (this requires a large bore cannula in a suitable vein). Standby access in a patient at risk of…

…an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab…

…and endothelial or myocardial injury. Antithrombotic therapy may reduce embolization of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury…

…of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury. In classic dissection, an intimal tear permits blood…

…only suicide attempts have lower survival outcomes. Nonetheless, prompt interventions can reverse cardiac arrest and survivors of traumatic cardiac arrest often exhibit favorable neurological outcomes…

…downstream, causing microvascular embolization (i.e occluding smaller vessels downstream). The thrombosis causes occlusion of the artery; blood flow may be partially or completely obstructed…

…of infarction. Early thrombus formation is associated with poor short term prognosis, although early mortality is usually related to the extent of myocardial injury and…

…from the vessel lumen by a fibrous cap. The LRNC is a highly toxic, pro thrombotic milieu composed of extracellular cholesterol crystals, apoptotic and necrotic…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…