…sided precordial leads when RVI is suspected in the setting of an inferior infarction. The presence of right sided ST segment elevation supports the diagnosis…

…volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart. In instances of…

…deep veins of the legs or pelvis. Thrombi formed in the deep veins in the legs or pelvis can detach and flow via inferior vena…

…analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic…

…to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a…

…dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation Strongly suggests a raised filling pressure Marked respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of…

…Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, a half life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the treatment…

…suspicion of posterior acute myocardial infarction (e.g due to reciprocal ST segment depressions in V1, V2, V3). IIa B In patients with inferior myocardial…

…cava inferior enlarged References 1. Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of…

…cava inferior enlarged References 1. Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of…

…at the inferior boundary, and ascends in a caudocranial direction along the interatrial septum. The left atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this…

…the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly in thorax (Figure 1). This area is most frequently…

…may manifest as reciprocal ST segment depression rather than apparent ST segment elevation. Posterior involvement is commonly associated with inferior or lateral myocardial infarction. Consequently…

…inferior vena cava and the descending aorta. During a cardiac arrest, the venous and arterial pressures are substantially reduced, potentially leading to complete obstruction of…

…anterolateral (V3, V4, V5, V6) and inferior (II, aVF and III) leads. There are four principal causes of J waves, namely hypothermia, Brugada syndrome, early…

…notions. Pathological Q waves may resolve in up to 30% of patients with inferior infarction. The amplitude of Q waves may also diminish over time…

…anterior fascicle. Depolarization of the left ventricle will depend entirely on the posterior fascicle. The initial vector will be directed inferiorly ( Figure 1, panel A…

…inferior leads (II, aVF, III) are not significant. Low voltage in limb leads. Click to zoom. Figure 4. Sinus bradycardia. Click to zoom. Treatment of…

…artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle, determines the coronary artery dominance ( Figure 1 …

…dx), which originates from the right coronary artery (RCA). The RCA also supplies the inferior left ventricular wall in over 90% of all individuals. Hence…

…causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics may be used…

…leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does more harm than good.

…to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis — this avoids the inferior epigastric artery, which runs on the posterior aspect of the rectus muscle along…

…complex; (3) the P wave is positive in lead II and (4) the PR interval is constant. Causes of bradycardia : sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block, sinoatrial…

…requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood from the placenta via the inferior vena cava…

…development of biventricular failure. Pulmonary oedema. Cardiogenic shock. The shunt may initially be tolerated, but the defect can enlarge and cause rapid haemodynamic deterioration. Inferior…

…provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction…

…provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction…

…thickened (about 80% have thickening). The parietal and visceral leaves of the pericardium are most often fused. The process most often affects the entire pericardium…

…artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle, determines the coronary artery dominance ( Figure 1 …

…The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to perform a systematic interpretation of the ECG may be detrimental. The interpretation algorithm presented below is…

…requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood from the placenta via the inferior vena cava…

…apical inferior , and apical lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal Segments Mid cavity Segments Apical…

…of the atrial myocardium : There are clusters of atrial myocardial cells located around the crista terminalis , the entrance of the coronary sinus and the inferior…

…The ECG grid. The x axis represents time and y axis represents amplitude of the electrical signals generated in the myocardium. The same ECG grid…

…UCG) allows an indirect estimation of atrial pressure. This is done by assessing the diameter of the vena cava inferior and whether the diameter varies…

…myocardium affected by the occlusion. Transmural ischemia yields ST segment elevations on ECG. ST elevations are the hallmark of STEMI. However, there are situations with…

…but impaired contractile function in the inferior wall. This finding is referred to as inferior wall motion abnormality and it may evidence of myocardial infarction…

…The coronary artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle, determines the coronary artery dominance…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

…back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava inferior ( 2.1 cm). Severe tricuspid regurgitation may lead to systolic…