…ventricular necrosis is found in approximately one third of patients with inferior infarction. Extensive involvement is less common in patients with inferoposterior left ventricular infarction…

…volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart. In instances of…

…deep veins of the legs or pelvis. Thrombi formed in the deep veins in the legs or pelvis can detach and flow via inferior vena…

…analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic…

…to −90° Left axis deviation — left anterior fascicular block, inferior infarction, hypertrophy +90° to +180° Right axis deviation — right ventricular strain, lateral infarction, left posterior…

…dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation Strongly suggests a raised filling pressure Marked respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of…

…Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, a half life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the treatment…

…suspicion of posterior acute myocardial infarction (e.g due to reciprocal ST segment depressions in V1, V2, V3). IIa B In patients with inferior myocardial…

…cava inferior enlarged References 1. Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of…

…cava inferior enlarged References 1. Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of…

…at the inferior boundary, and ascends in a caudocranial direction along the interatrial septum. The left atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this…

…The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly in thorax (Figure…

…and Pathophysiology Posterior myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part of an inferoposterior or posterolateral infarction…

…uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena cava can be accomplished using a wedge…

…anterolateral (V3, V4, V5, V6) and inferior (II, aVF and III) leads. There are four principal causes of J waves, namely hypothermia, Brugada syndrome, early…

…notions. Pathological Q waves may resolve in up to 30% of patients with inferior infarction. The amplitude of Q waves may also diminish over time…

…anterior fascicle. Depolarization of the left ventricle will depend entirely on the posterior fascicle. The initial vector will be directed inferiorly ( Figure 1, panel A…

…infarction – Particularly ischemia or infarction located to the inferior wall of the left ventricle. This type of bradycardia is due to diminished automaticity (pacemaker function…

…dominance: left dominance vs. right dominance The coronary artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left…

…dx), which originates from the right coronary artery (RCA). The RCA also supplies the inferior left ventricular wall in over 90% of all individuals. Hence…

…causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics may be used…

…leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does more harm than good.

…to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis — this avoids the inferior epigastric artery, which runs on the posterior aspect of the rectus muscle along…

…complex; (3) the P wave is positive in lead II and (4) the PR interval is constant. Causes of bradycardia : sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block, sinoatrial…

…ventricle pumps blood against greater resistance, as compared with the left ventricle. Understanding this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure…

…development of biventricular failure. Pulmonary oedema. Cardiogenic shock. The shunt may initially be tolerated, but the defect can enlarge and cause rapid haemodynamic deterioration. Inferior…

…causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left…

…causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left…

…normally, there is more room for the right ventricle, the filling of which increases and the septum bulges into the left ventricle. During exhalation, the…

…dominance: left dominance vs. right dominance The coronary artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left…

…The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to perform a systematic interpretation of the ECG may be detrimental. The interpretation algorithm presented below is…

…ventricle pumps blood against greater resistance, as compared with the left ventricle. Understanding this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure…

…apical inferior , and apical lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal Segments Mid cavity Segments Apical…

…of the atrial myocardium : There are clusters of atrial myocardial cells located around the crista terminalis , the entrance of the coronary sinus and the inferior…

…fourth intercostal space, to the right of the sternal border. V2: placed in the fourth intercostal space, to the left of the sternal border. V3:…

…section (SAX, short axis view), the the ventricle is rather a crescent shaped appendage of the left ventricle. On longitudinal sections (A4C, apical four chamber…

…the conventional 12 lead ECG. These situations are as follows: Transmural ischemia located in the posterolateral portion of the left ventricle . Transmural ischemia located in…

…The orientation of myocardial muscle fibers results in longitudinal, radial and circumferential shortening (contraction). Traditional methods for investigating left ventricular function — e.g ejection fraction…

…left bundle branch. Coronary artery dominance The coronary artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left…

…present the limb leads in their anatomically contiguous manner; that is, from left superior basal to right inferior. In other words, the following order: aVL…

…back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava inferior ( 2.1 cm). Severe tricuspid regurgitation may lead to systolic…