…lateral border of the rectus abdominis — this avoids the inferior epigastric artery, which runs on the posterior aspect of the rectus muscle along its lateral…

…ventricular necrosis is found in approximately one third of patients with inferior infarction. Extensive involvement is less common in patients with inferoposterior left ventricular infarction…

…in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or…

…Thrombi formed in the deep veins in the legs or pelvis can detach and flow via inferior vena cava to the right atrium and ventricle…

…analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic…

…to −90° Left axis deviation — left anterior fascicular block, inferior infarction, hypertrophy +90° to +180° Right axis deviation — right ventricular strain, lateral infarction, left posterior…

…the right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation Strongly suggests a raised filling pressure Marked…

…syndrome, particularly triple positive disease or after an arterial event, where DOACs have proved inferior. Atrial fibrillation with marked renal failure or on dialysis, where…

…V2, V3). IIa B In patients with inferior myocardial infarction, consider connecting V3R and V4R to detect concomitant right ventricular infarction. IIa B Routine blood…

…regurgitation Jet size < 5cm² 5 10 cm² 10 cm² size vena cava inferior < 2,1 cm and compressible in between 2,1 cm…

…regurgitation Jet size < 5cm² 5 10 cm² 10 cm² size vena cava inferior < 2,1 cm and compressible in between 2,1 cm…

…traverses the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) at the inferior boundary, and ascends in a caudocranial direction along the interatrial septum. The left atrium is activated passively…

…As mentioned above, posterior myocardial infarction may be accompanied by inferior infarction if the occlusion affects both vascular territories. This will result in ST segment…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Posterior myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part…

…15–30° left lateral angle to relieve pressure on the major vessels. A large uterus exerts pressure on the descending aorta and vena cava inferior …

…pronounced in the anterolateral (V3, V4, V5, V6) and inferior (II, aVF and III) leads. There are four principal causes of J waves, namely hypothermia…

…recent studies challenge these notions. Pathological Q waves may resolve in up to 30% of patients with inferior infarction. The amplitude of Q waves may…

…and aVF may mask Q waves from a prior inferior infarction. Left posterior fascicular block (LPFB) Left posterior fascicular block is much less common than…

…bradycardia. The most important causes are as follows: Myocardial ischemia/infarction – Particularly ischemia or infarction located to the inferior wall of the left ventricle. This…

…90% of individuals, the right coronary artery gives off the posterior descending artery (PDA) which supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle. When the…

…dx), which originates from the right coronary artery (RCA). The RCA also supplies the inferior left ventricular wall in over 90% of all individuals. Hence…

…pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics…

…posterior wall) ≤ 0.9 cm ≤ 1.0 cm Left atrial volume index ≤ 34 mL/m² ≤ 34 mL/m² TAPSE 17 mm 17 mm E/e…

…originate from the atria but the QRS complexes become wide due to abnormal ventricular depolarization (e.g sinus tachycardia with simultaneous left bundle branch block)…

…in the pulmonary circulation, which explains why the left ventricle is much larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure…

…rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Papillary muscle rupture, producing acute severe mitral…

…Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis…

…Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis…

…normally, there is more room for the right ventricle, the filling of which increases and the septum bulges into the left ventricle. During exhalation, the…

…dominance: left dominance vs. right dominance The coronary artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left…

…from the atria but the QRS complexes become wide due to abnormal ventricular depolarization (e.g. sinus tachycardia with simultaneous left bundle branch block). 2…

…in the pulmonary circulation, which explains why the left ventricle is much larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure…

…apical inferior , and apical lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal Segments Mid cavity Segments Apical…

…myocardial cells located around the crista terminalis , the entrance of the coronary sinus and the inferior vena cava, as well as cells around the mitral…

…the right medioclavicular line between rib 5 and 6. V3R: placed diagonally between V2R and V4R. V7: placed on the back, directly inferior to scapula.

…section (SAX, short axis view), the the ventricle is rather a crescent shaped appendage of the left ventricle. On longitudinal sections (A4C, apical four chamber…

…the conventional 12 lead ECG. These situations are as follows: Transmural ischemia located in the posterolateral portion of the left ventricle . Transmural ischemia located in…

…The orientation of myocardial muscle fibers results in longitudinal, radial and circumferential shortening (contraction). Traditional methods for investigating left ventricular function — e.g ejection fraction…

…septum. It starts to branch off at the anterior papillary muscle's origin. The interventricular septum obtains Purkinje fibers from the left bundle branch. Coronary…

…present the limb leads in their anatomically contiguous manner; that is, from left superior basal to right inferior. In other words, the following order: aVL…

…leaflet). The leaflets are attached to the subvalvular apparatus, consisting of the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles . As compared to the mitral valve, the…