…output in severe cases Cardiogenic shock in the most advanced presentations The symptoms of RVI commonly occur in the setting of an inferior myocardial infarction…

…in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or…

…Thrombi formed in the deep veins in the legs or pelvis can detach and flow via inferior vena cava to the right atrium and ventricle…

…analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic…

…to +90° Normal −30° to −90° Left axis deviation — left anterior fascicular block, inferior infarction, hypertrophy +90° to +180° Right axis deviation — right ventricular strain…

…the right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation Strongly suggests a raised filling pressure Marked…

…syndrome, particularly triple positive disease or after an arterial event, where DOACs have proved inferior. Atrial fibrillation with marked renal failure or on dialysis, where…

…V2, V3). IIa B In patients with inferior myocardial infarction, consider connecting V3R and V4R to detect concomitant right ventricular infarction. IIa B Routine blood…

…regurgitation Jet size < 5cm² 5 10 cm² 10 cm² size vena cava inferior < 2,1 cm and compressible in between 2,1 cm…

…regurgitation Jet size < 5cm² 5 10 cm² 10 cm² size vena cava inferior < 2,1 cm and compressible in between 2,1 cm…

…craniocaudal direction down the right atrial free wall, traverses the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) at the inferior boundary, and ascends in a caudocranial direction along the…

…As mentioned above, posterior myocardial infarction may be accompanied by inferior infarction if the occlusion affects both vascular territories. This will result in ST segment…

…may manifest as reciprocal ST segment depression rather than apparent ST segment elevation. Posterior involvement is commonly associated with inferior or lateral myocardial infarction. Consequently…

…a pregnant woman is supine, the uterus can exert significant compression on both the inferior vena cava and the descending aorta. During a cardiac arrest…

…pronounced in the anterolateral (V3, V4, V5, V6) and inferior (II, aVF and III) leads. There are four principal causes of J waves, namely hypothermia…

…recent studies challenge these notions. Pathological Q waves may resolve in up to 30% of patients with inferior infarction. The amplitude of Q waves may…

…the posterior (posteroinferior) fascicle , which delivers the electrical impulse to the posterior and inferior walls of the left ventricle. Anatomical or functional block in the…

…bradycardia. The most important causes are as follows: Myocardial ischemia/infarction – Particularly ischemia or infarction located to the inferior wall of the left ventricle. This…

…artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle, determines the coronary artery dominance ( Figure 1 …

…dx), which originates from the right coronary artery (RCA). The RCA also supplies the inferior left ventricular wall in over 90% of all individuals. Hence…

…pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics…

…without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does…

…rectus abdominis — this avoids the inferior epigastric artery, which runs on the posterior aspect of the rectus muscle along its lateral border and is the…

…negative deflection should be <1 mm). It may have a prominent second hump in the inferior limb leads (particularly lead II). P mitrale : increased P…

…in the pulmonary circulation, which explains why the left ventricle is much larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure…

…Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Papillary muscle rupture, producing acute severe mitral regurgitation (MR). These complications result from transmural myocardial necrosis…

…Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis…

…Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction. Pre excitation. Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis…

…right atrium and the inferior vena cava, which causes the blood to flow in the retrograde direction (from the atrium to the inferior vena cava)…

…artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle, determines the coronary artery dominance ( Figure 1 …

…negative deflection should be <1 mm). It may have a prominent second hump in the inferior limb leads (particularly lead II). P mitrale : increased P…

…in the pulmonary circulation, which explains why the left ventricle is much larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure…

…septal 3. basal inferoseptal 9. mid inferoseptal 15. apical inferior 4. basal inferior 10. mid inferior 16. apical lateral 5. basal inferolateral 11. mid inferolateral…

…myocardial cells located around the crista terminalis , the entrance of the coronary sinus and the inferior vena cava, as well as cells around the mitral…

…the right medioclavicular line between rib 5 and 6. V3R: placed diagonally between V2R and V4R. V7: placed on the back, directly inferior to scapula.

…diameter of the vena cava inferior and whether the diameter varies during the respiratory cycle. Thus, the pressure in the inferior vena cava is used…

…As mentioned above, posterolateral infarction may be accompanied by inferior infarction if the occlusion affects both vascular territories. This will result in ST segment elevations…

…Figure 1B). The muscle fibers adjacent to the epicardium are oriented approximately 60° in relation to the fibers of the mid wall. Contraction in this…

…during its course through the interventricular septum. It starts to branch off at the anterior papillary muscle's origin. The interventricular septum obtains Purkinje fibers…

…present the limb leads in their anatomically contiguous manner; that is, from left superior basal to right inferior. In other words, the following order: aVL…

…back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava inferior ( 2.1 cm). Severe tricuspid regurgitation may lead to systolic…