…development of biventricular failure. Pulmonary oedema. Cardiogenic shock. The shunt may initially be tolerated, but the defect can enlarge and cause rapid haemodynamic deterioration. Inferior…

…third of patients with inferior infarction. Extensive involvement is less common in patients with inferoposterior left ventricular infarction, while infarction confined predominantly to the right…

…volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart. In instances of…

…Pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism (PE). Hemodynamic effects Pulmonary embolism leads to increased resistance in the main pulmonary artery, and thereby increased afterload on the right…

…analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic…

…Normal −30° to −90° Left axis deviation — left anterior fascicular block, inferior infarction, hypertrophy +90° to +180° Right axis deviation — right ventricular strain, lateral infarction…

…it does not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation…

…Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, a half life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the treatment…

…V3). IIa B In patients with inferior myocardial infarction, consider connecting V3R and V4R to detect concomitant right ventricular infarction. IIa B Routine blood sampling…

…velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure half time (T ½,ms) ≥ 190 ms Right atrium Severly enlarged Vena cava inferior enlarged…

…1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure half time (T ½,ms) ≥ 190 ms Right atrium Pressure half time…

…superior vena cava. A critical area of slow conduction is consistently located in the posterolateral to posteromedial inferior region of the right atrium. This circuit…

…waves ( Figure 2 shows right ventricular hypertrophy). The following rules will distinguish the two conditions in the vast majority of cases: Right ventricular hypertrophy shifts…

…may manifest as reciprocal ST segment depression rather than apparent ST segment elevation. Posterior involvement is commonly associated with inferior or lateral myocardial infarction. Consequently…

…inferior vena cava and the descending aorta. During a cardiac arrest, the venous and arterial pressures are substantially reduced, potentially leading to complete obstruction of…

…anterolateral (V3, V4, V5, V6) and inferior (II, aVF and III) leads. There are four principal causes of J waves, namely hypothermia, Brugada syndrome, early…

…notions. Pathological Q waves may resolve in up to 30% of patients with inferior infarction. The amplitude of Q waves may also diminish over time…

…conduction defect. Roughly 7% of cases progress to bifascicular block (which means that the LAFB is accompanied by a right bundle branch block), while 3…

…inferior leads (II, aVF, III) are not significant. Low voltage in limb leads. Click to zoom. Figure 4. Sinus bradycardia. Click to zoom. Treatment of…

…which supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle, determines the coronary artery dominance ( Figure 1 ). A right dominant system implies that the PDA is…

…90% of all individuals. Hence, a proximal occlusion (in the RCA) which cuts off blood flow to the right ventricle, will also affect the inferior…

…stenosis results in increased right atrial pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies…

…leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does more harm than good.

…first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left lower quadrant is the first choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and…

…complex; (3) the P wave is positive in lead II and (4) the PR interval is constant. Causes of bradycardia : sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block, sinoatrial…

…the left ventricle is considerably larger than the right ventricle. This is the result of ventricular adaptation to the resistance that must be overcome by…

…provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction…

…provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior infarction…

…filled normally, there is more room for the right ventricle, the filling of which increases and the septum bulges into the left ventricle. During exhalation…

…which supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle, determines the coronary artery dominance ( Figure 1 ). A right dominant system implies that the PDA is…

…The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to perform a systematic interpretation of the ECG may be detrimental. The interpretation algorithm presented below is…

…the left ventricle is considerably larger than the right ventricle. This is the result of ventricular adaptation to the resistance that must be overcome by…

…apical inferior , and apical lateral ) and the apex (Table 2). Table 2. The 17 segments of the left ventricle Basal Segments Mid cavity Segments Apical…

…of the atrial myocardium : There are clusters of atrial myocardial cells located around the crista terminalis , the entrance of the coronary sinus and the inferior…

…on the right medioclavicular line between rib 5 and 6. V3R: placed diagonally between V2R and V4R. V7: placed on the back, directly inferior to…

…It is localized immediately behind the sternum and thus is the most anteriorly located part of the heart. The right ventricle has a complicated anatomy…

…ECG. These situations are as follows: Transmural ischemia located in the posterolateral portion of the left ventricle . Transmural ischemia located in the right ventricle . Both…

…but impaired contractile function in the inferior wall. This finding is referred to as inferior wall motion abnormality and it may evidence of myocardial infarction…

…the inferior wall of the left ventricle, determines the coronary artery dominance. A right dominant system implies that the PDA is supplied by the right…

…present the limb leads in their anatomically contiguous manner; that is, from left superior basal to right inferior. In other words, the following order: aVL…

…views. The increased pressure may also propagate back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava inferior ( 2.1 cm)…