Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Significance In stent restenosis (ISR) is recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form…

Akutsjukvård Psykiatri Lathundar Delirium in older adults: quick reference A quick reference for ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work…

…and most serious dosing errors arise at the dilution step, not in the choice of dose. Paediatric doses are calculated on actual body weight unless…

…to approximately 40–50 mg of oral morphine per day. Patches have no place in acute, unstable pain: the onset takes 12 to 24 hours…

…Reported relative effects include: Approximately 11% reduction in cardiovascular events in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials involving individuals with an estimated 10 year…

…agonists (GLP 1 RAs) and evolving into multi receptor agonists, has unleashed a new paradigm in cardiometabolic medicine. These therapies are revolutionizing public health strategies…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

…of cardiac arrest patients—can induce such pupillary responses. In a comprehensive study by Javaudin et al., involving more than 11,000 cardiac arrest cases…

…Romhilt Este's score system Points Any of the following: R or S in any limb lead ≥20 mm S V1 or S V2 ≥30…

…infarction (STEMI) and non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (Non STEMI, NSTEMI) in detail. Although myocardial ischemia may affect every aspect of the ECG – from…

…A patient who has become calm, quiet in the chest and stopped struggling may be about to stop breathing. Diminishing wheeze means improvement only if…

…At a creatinine clearance <20 mL/min, consider an alternative treatment In aminoglycoside treatment of obese patients, an adjusted body weight is used: adjusted weight…

…Within a day or so Unilateral, foul smelling nasal discharge in a small child is a foreign body until proven otherwise. Contraindications Absolute: that you…

…a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…decompensation, whereas acute illness and increased sympathetic drive may promote AF. In DHF, ventricular rate may decrease as dyspnoea improves and sympathetic activation subsides, making…

…level, producing atrioventricular (AV) or intraventricular blocks. Isolated sinus bradycardia in the early hours following infarction may be associated with hemodynamic compromise. More broadly, bradyarrhythmic…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Clinical Context Blood pressure management in older adults must account for chronological age, biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional…

…become progressively more complex. Older adults, often defined in cardiovascular practice as those older than 75 years, are not a homogeneous population: biological age, frailty…

…prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence for premature atherosclerosis is particularly strong in RA and SLE. Ankylosing spondylitis…

…higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and death than men. Despite the effectiveness of preventive interventions in both sexes, women are less likely to receive statins…

…symptom. It includes pain, pressure, tightness, heaviness, burning, or discomfort in the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen…

…weight gain, peripheral edema, early satiety, abdominal distension and, in some patients, bendopnea. Congestion may also aggravate functional mitral regurgitation, ventricular dilatation, myocardial wall stress…

…Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Definition and scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who…

…to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A:…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] …

…BLS) can be provided by anyone, including laypeople. As shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed…

…are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in Table 1 below. Severity Clinical presentation Treatment Mild hyperthermia Thirst…

CPR Accidental hypothermia Accidental hypothermia is defined as an unintentional decrease in body temperature to below 35°C. The lowest recorded body temperatures from which patients…

CPR Poisoning and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Use of ECG in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical…

…the term perimyocarditis . Hemodynamic effects of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Intrapericardial pressure increases as fluid accumulates in the pericardial space. Intrapericardial pressure may reach…

ECG Exercise stress test Exercise stress testing in patients with previous acute coronary syndromes (myocardial infarction), women, elderly and revascularized individuals Clinicians should be familiar…

…with cardiogenic shock, researchers compared the effectiveness of milrinone and dobutamine . The primary composite outcome included in hospital mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest, cardiac transplantation or…

…R wave progression Normal R wave progression implies that the R wave amplitude increases gradually from V1 to V5 and then diminishes again in V6…

Cardiology Indications for pharmacologic agents Pharmacologic stress tests are indicated in the following scenarios: Inability to exercise due to physical limitations. Contraindications to exercise, such…

…upsloping ST segment. The depression in the J 60 point is usually <1 mm and it resolves rapidly once the exercise is stopped. Some experts…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia ST segment elevations with straight (horizontal, upsloping, or downsloping) or convex ST segment…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction T wave changes in acute myocardial infarction & ischemia A thorough discussion regarding the physiology of the T wavewas previously provided…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction The ECG in the assessment of myocardial reperfusion The ECG is an invaluable tool to assess whether an occlusion has…

…affect the left ventricle. Right ventricular infarction is uncommon but may occur if there is a proximal occlusion in the right coronary artery (RCA). Nevertheless…

CPR Bedside echocardiography in cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of…

…et al. A new risk scheme to predict warfarin associated hemorrhage: the ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol…

…Their clinical importance arises from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…Consequently, the decision to prescribe colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD), revascularization may be directed exclusively at the…

…including non calcified plaques that are not directly visualized by calcium scoring. In contrast, coronary CT angiography (CCTA) can characterize both calcified and non calcified…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…