…normally, there is more room for the right ventricle, the filling of which increases and the septum bulges into the left ventricle. During exhalation, the…

…However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in…

…Position the patient correctly. The lateral position with the back towards you, the knees drawn up, the chin on the chest, and the shoulders and…

…conditions Category Condition Congenital conditions Jervell and Lange Nielsen syndrome Romano Ward syndrome Idiopathic congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) Metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hypocalcemia Starvation…

…overturned in 2008 when Haïssaguerre et al reported a strong association between the early repolarization pattern and sudden cardiac arrest due to idiopathic ventricular fibrillation…

…arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatic fever. Aortic dissection rupturing into the pericardium. Idiopathic pericardial effusion. Renal failure, hypothyroidism, and hypercholesterolemia. Dressler syndrome. Iatrogenic…

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

…Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results in right ventricular volume overload…

…clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants to complex scar related and genetic substrates. Furthermore…

…occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced stroke volume…

…classification also recognizes vasoreactivity subgroups among patients with idiopathic PAH, including acute responders and non responders. Left heart disease is the most common risk factor…

…volume overload. Unfortunately, adaptation implies that the left ventricle dilates, which induces irreversible cellular and extracellular processes that ultimately lead to heart failure. This initially…

…specifically classified by the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA and 2021/2023 ESC guidelines as HF with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤40% [14…

…left ventricular function. Individuals with reduced left ventricular function (e.g. defined as ejection fraction <40 %) are at high risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Idiopathic…