…LQTS) Metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hypocalcemia Starvation Anorexia nervosa Liquid protein diets Hypothyroidism Bradyarrhythmia Sinus bradycardia Sinus node dysfunction AV blocks Drugs Drug Brands TdP…

…and rheumatic fever. Aortic dissection rupturing into the pericardium. Idiopathic pericardial effusion. Renal failure, hypothyroidism, and hypercholesterolemia. Dressler syndrome. Iatrogenic damage to the pericardium. Irradiation…

…arrhythmias. The clinician must evaluate for the presence of worsening renal function, advanced age, hypokalemia, chronic lung disease, hypothyroidism, and amyloidosis. Furthermore, ongoing ischemia, hypomagnesemia…

…foscarnet, atazanavir) Hypokalemia Hypocalcemia Hypomagnesemia Cerebrovascular insult (bleeding) Myocardial ischemia Cardiomyopathy Bradycardia Hypothyroidism Hypothermia A separate chapter discusses Long QT syndrome (LQTS). A complete list…

…or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant interacting medications The SLCO1B1 rs4149056 polymorphism is associated…

…myocarditis. Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can cause permanent bradycardia). Hypothyroidism. Medullar lesion. Increased intracranial pressure. General hypoxia. Autonomic nervous system Neurocardiogenic syncope…

…induce conduction defects (e.g. AV block). Increased intracranial pressure (manifests with sinus bradycardia and hypertension). Hypothyroidism . Hypothermia . Hyperkalemia . ECG example of sinus bradycardia Figure…

…atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute…

…g COPD), fever, infections, anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary embolism, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, hypovolemia, pharmacological substances (alcohol, amphetamine, coffee, anticholinergic drugs, beta adrenergic agonists). In all…

…markedly enlarged left atrium, marked hyperthyroidism or an untreated underlying cause make recurrence all but certain and argue against elective cardioversion. Anticoagulation before cardioversion After…

…liver disease, airway or lung disease, and hyperthyroidism; follow up and investigation of the cause of increased flow are appropriate. Exercise PH is defined by…

…such as significant anemia, important electrolyte imbalance, and hyperthyroidism Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, with increased risk of hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction, hypovolemia…

…Left main coronary artery stenosis Severe electrolyte imbalance Severe hyperthyroidism Moderate to severe aortic stenosis Insufficiently controlled arrhythmias which may cause hemodynamic compromise Obstructive hypertrophic…

…dehydration, anemia, hyperthyroidism and myocarditis are common etiologies. Treatment of the underlying cause should resolve the sinus tachycardia. Sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia…