…a secured airway — transfer, heavy sedation, surgery — and cardiac arrest. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in the emergency situation. Consider alternatives when: Intubation is…

…cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with marked tolerance…

…synthesis Electrical channelopathies Oxidative stress Cellular apoptosis and necrosis Progressive structural remodelling Alcohol associated hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use…

…only 3–5 cm and almost straight, but the meatus can be hard to find in older women. Two things separate the safe catheterisation from…

…excess ischaemic heart disease risk associated with heavy smoking. Consequently, reducing the number of cigarettes smoked does not produce a proportional reduction in cardiovascular harm…

CPR Poisoning and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of…

…coronary disease and progressive, “piece meal” necrosis extending beyond the original infarct zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in…

…coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional…

…while cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial oedema and tissue inflammation produce extravascular compression. In the most severe form, termed no reflow, structural and functional microvascular impairment persists…

…arrhythmias, conduction defects Cause of termination This article will discuss each of these six parameters in detail. Symptom during exercise stress testing Perceived exertion The…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…