…including transitions between stable angina, angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of…

…the four abovementioned conditions. The majority of patients will experience symptoms, although some cases are asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients typically experience fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, presyncope/syncope…

…fatigue and oedema. This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the…

…regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to meaningful variability…

…sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction from beta blockers is that it lowers heart rate without directly reducing myocardial contractility or altering vascular tone. Accordingly…

…between cardiac and renal dysfunction is particularly important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate…

…subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth, increased sweating, and muscle fatigue. Although this is a subjective…

…medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling…

…sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered …

…turning over in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom free interval between attacks, with possible residual unsteadiness. No hearing loss…