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Arrhythmias before and during cardiac arrest

…and ultimately asystole and death is not an absolute rule. While it often holds true for cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart…

Amiodarone: Loading, Maintenance Dosing and Monitoring Schedule

…major active metabolite. Both the parent drug and its metabolite accumulate extensively in various tissues, including the liver, lung, fat, and skin, with myocardial concentrations…

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Treatment Principles

…Potential explanations include congenital heart disease, liver disease, airway or lung disease, and hyperthyroidism; follow up and investigation of the cause of increased flow are…

Pleural aspiration and chest drain

…lung and the fluid level. 2. Choose a point with at least 15 mm depth of fluid throughout the respiratory cycle and where the lung…

Stress Echocardiography: Protocols and Interpretation

…Valve function and stress related haemodynamic changes Diastolic function Pulmonary hypertension Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) Pulmonary congestion detected by B lines on lung ultrasound…

Digoxin: Dosing, Therapeutic Range and Toxicity Management

…the heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and…

Pulmonary embolism: quick reference for risk stratification and treatment

…unless there is an absolute contraindication. The agent and dose are according to the local protocol. Alternatives when there is a contraindication: catheter directed treatment…

Post-Infarction Pericarditis and Dressler Syndrome

…In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate. Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are…

Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia

…tachycardia secondary to disease and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e…

Ectopic atrial rhythm (EAT), atrial tachycardia (AT) & multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)

…tachycardia and ectopic atrial rhythm Side effect of digoxin. Heart failure. Lung disease (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, etc). Ischemic heart disease (coronary artery disease). Structural heart…

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