…diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department, as well as in primary health care. The…

…ventilated patient who develops total brain infarction An intensive care patient in whom life sustaining treatment is withdrawn and total brain infarction is not expected…

…poison control centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear…

…uncertainty in the recording of no flow and low flow times in registries. The uncertainty is often obvious when interrogating witnesses, bystanders and health care…

…and are reflected in cardiovascular structure and function. Sociocultural factors contribute independently to differences in exposure to risk, access to care, clinical assessment and treatment…

…healthy and tragically killed by a sudden and random electrical event. An excerpt from the article follows: [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in…

…health care exposure and the risk of resistant organisms 0 to 60 min Empirical intravenous antibiotics in septic shock or in certain or highly likely…

…sudden cardiac death Hence, the Brugada syndrome is a highly malignant disorder that must be recognized by any health care provider. A family history of…

…Local anaesthesia works poorly in inflamed tissue — the acidic environment inactivates the anaesthetic. Place a field block in healthy skin around the abscess instead of…

…intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy. The need for central access is not in itself an indication for emergency insertion in…

…early intervention and management. Standardization: Its widespread adoption has led to standardized reporting of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness:…

…ECG, and normal initial troponin may be observed in a chest pain unit or another non intensive care setting while serial testing is completed. Diagnostic…

…J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 81:27 33 . Watts S, Smith JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal…

…the victim was given "a clean bill of health" and no explanation of death [...] Only in a small and highly selected sub group of patients…

…arrest during pregnancy and childbirth All healthcare units capable of managing pregnant women in cardiac arrest should engage in specialized clinical training to manage cardiac…

…ACLS) is provided by healthcare professionals with the skills and equipment required. Although ACLS is more advanced and costly than the interventions available in BLS…

…arrest (OHCA), it can be used in any setting until advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) can be initiated by healthcare professionals. The purpose of basic…

…frequently in the emergency setting to control ventricular rate during supraventricular tachycardias (e.g.atrial fibrillation). Because digoxin may cause life threatening arrhythmias, every healthcare…

…from children to the elderly, and frequently occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. The arrhythmia is characterized by its abrupt onset and termination and typically presents…

…BSA [body surface area]). Approximately 85% 90% of healthy individuals in the general population exhibit a small tricuspid regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

…in electrical instability which explains why ventricular tachycardia may progress to ventricular fibrillation. Left untreated, ventricular fibrillation leads to asystole and cardiac arrest. All healthcare…

…refractory – the impulse might be blocked. This is a frequent finding among healthy individuals and in those with heart disease. If such aberration occurs at…

…life is often poor, hospitalizations are frequent, and healthcare resource utilization is high. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The dominant manifestation is chronic, recurrent angina or…

…representative of the population experiencing OHCA and IHCA. Shockable and non shockable rhythms All healthcare professionals must be able to identify shockable rhythms, i.e…

Echocardiography Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been…

Cardiology Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been…

…the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The individual and public health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity of diagnosing hypertension…

…disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health crisis. It is believed that the virus was transmitted from bats to humans in Wuhan…

…and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very elderly therefore…

…pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have health implications…

…minimally processed foods and healthy fats while limiting ultraprocessed foods, refined carbohydrates, sugars and meats. In secondary prevention, randomized trials in people with established coronary…

…BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Coronary artery disease Heart failure Dyslipidemia (including high LDL…

…ultimately prevailed. The need for a standardized global definition led to early efforts by the World Health Organization in the mid 20th century, relying primarily…

…revolutionizing public health strategies, transcending their original roles as glucose lowering agents to become essential tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in major…

…ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary syndrome, revascularisation is particularly indicated when functionally significant disease produces persistent, lifestyle limiting symptoms despite guideline directed medical treatment. Neither…

…fat distribution, skeletal muscle mass, physical fitness or individual health status. In particular, it cannot distinguish adipose tissue from lean mass. Waist circumference and the…

…treatment. Revascularization improves angina related health status, but it should not be undertaken when symptoms are present without anatomical or physiological criteria supporting revascularization. In…

…2 days each week. Activities need not be undertaken in bouts of at least 10 minutes; shorter episodes also contribute to health. Spreading activity across…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

…vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In…

…stress testing is immense and the procedure may be used in numerous situations, ranging from health screening to assessment of symptoms after coronary artery bypass…

…death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red) ECG morphs in lead aVL (adapted from Obermeyer et al 1 )…

…95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and…

…atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals. Atrial flutter causes characteristic ECG changes, as…

…individuals. In that scenario it might be explained by myocardial ischemia (affecting the sinoatrial node), sinus node dysfunction or side effects of digoxin treatment. If…

…periods of rapid ventricular rate (Table 1). Children and healthy adults may also develop tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy (Gopinnathair et al). Long term prognosis is excellent…

…Moderate ≥2% to <10% High ≥10% to <20% Very high ≥20% The risk categories are distinct from the treatment threshold used in the BP guidelines…

…cTnI and cTnT are specific to cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac troponin levels are extremely low in healthy subjects; the 99 th percentile is less than…

…= [(EDV ESV)/EDV]·100 Normal values for ejection fraction (EF) Studies in healthy individuals suggest that the mean ejection fraction is 63% to 69%…

…pacemaker, which is the only treatment with class I recommendation according to European (ESC) and North American (AHA, ACC) guidelines. As in all clinical emergencies…

…pronounced in healthy arteries, which can dilate more than stenotic arteries, which are already dilated. This results in flow heterogeneity and perfusion defects in areas…

…conditions. MPI uses radiotracers in combination with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) to assess myocardial perfusion and blood flow…

…discover SB in healthy young individuals who are not well trained. This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all…

…treatment, but abnormal or unexpected values should be confirmed with a laboratory analysed plasma glucose when the situation allows. Glucose meters are less reliable in…

…in patients taking ticagrelor. This is related to ticagrelor inhibiting the P2Y12 receptor on healthy donor platelets in the test. Information about concurrent ticagrelor treatment…

…compensatory rise in cardiac output. Although these changes are usually of limited clinical importance in otherwise healthy individuals, they may be clinically relevant in established…

…in whom aspirin has a substantially more favourable benefit–risk profile. Aspirin is not a general purpose cardiovascular preventive treatment. In people without established ASCVD…

…min from rest to exercise. This response is age dependent and may rarely occur in healthy people older than 60 years. The abnormal slope does…

…The treatment repertoire includes surgery, catheter interventions, and medical therapies. Adults with congenital heart disease are mostly managed in GUCH clinics (Grown Up Congenital Heart…

…abnormal) and thus indicates myocardial necrosis. The upper reference limit is currently the 99th percentile in a healthy population. Troponin levels higher than the 99th…