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Common laboratory tests

…15 % indicates iron deficiency whatever the ferritin Vitamin B12 150–650 pmol/L Grey zone 150–250: add homocysteine or methylmalonic acid Folate 7 nmol…

Inotropes and vasopressors: doses, indications, contraindications and effects

…of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey = pure vasopressors, orange = phosphodiesterase inhibitors…

Short Synacthen test

…of the HPA axis after long term glucocorticoid treatment. A basal morning cortisol in the grey zone. A morning value below about 100 nmol/L…

Epistaxis — compression, cautery and anterior nasal packing

…pressure , rolling it, for 4–5 seconds until a grey eschar forms. Start peripheral to the bleeding point and work inwards towards the centre. 4…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…Orange 250–300 mL/min Massive haemorrhage, rapid volume replacement 16 G Grey 150–200 mL/min Trauma, major surgery 18 G Green 90–100…

Acquired QT Prolongation and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia

…and arrhythmology Drugs and electrolyte imbalance ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterised by an abnormal prolongation of the QT interval…

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

…investigation of restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular imaging may also clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), particularly when angiography shows no significant…

Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…atrial cavities, vessels) should appear black in the image. If these spaces appear in any shade of gray, then the gain must be reduced. When…

Physiological Assessment of Coronary Stenoses and Revascularization Decisions

…outcome trials as noninferior to FFR; enables hybrid gray zone strategies (measure FFR only when iFR/RFR is indeterminate). Resting resistance only approximates hyperemic resistance…

Technical aspects of the ultrasound image

…nuances on the ultrasound image. The tissues in the ultrasound image are drawn with varying shades of one color (usually gray). This is possible because…

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