…to measure the QT interval Measurement of the QT interval may be difficult due to T wave changes. Causes of prolonged QTc duration Antiarrhythmics (procainamide…

…of the QRS complex around the isoelectric line. Most patients display QTc 500 ms during sinus rhythm. TdP is typically initiated by a long short…

…of the QRS complex around the isoelectric line. Most patients display QTc 500 ms during sinus rhythm. TdP is typically initiated by a long short…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…Irradiation. Trauma. The most common cause of pericardial effusion is pericarditis. Because it is difficult to determine if there is also myocarditis (which is frequent)…

…roots of the great vessels are contained (Figure 1). The pericardial sac encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid. Numerous conditions may cause inflammation…

…circulating LDL C. The principal genetic mechanisms involve: Loss of function variants in the LDL receptor gene, LDLR, which account for most cases. Variants in…

…V5, V6) and inferior (II, aVF and III) leads. There are four principal causes of J waves, namely hypothermia, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization and hypercalcemia…

…genetic mechanisms underlying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are complicated and some gene variants may only cause hypertrophy under certain loading conditions (i.e in the presence of…

…cardiomyopathy, which confers only slightly elevated risk of ventricular arrhythmias (Almeida et al). Genes and DCM Approximately 40% of all cases of DCM are genetic…

…used in adults aged ≥70 years. SCORE2 OP accounts for the competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations…

…is the most common cause). Genetic mutations in ARVC At least 13 genes have been implicated in ARVC. The majority of these are genes encoding…

…J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients’ survival? Resuscitation 2012;83:81922. Mroczek…

…common genetic cause, followed by mutations in LMNA , MYH7 , and TNNT2 [39] . Consequently, current guidelines recommend a 3 generation family history and consideration of genetic…

…perivalvular (adjacent to the valves), etc. Cardiac tumors cause nonspecific symptoms that depend on the size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects and possible impact…

…that cause pronounced symptoms and other therapies have failed. Patients with structural heart disease or reduced left ventricular function are not eligible. Effects of propafenone…

…genetic basis. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in relevant DCM genes were identified in approximately 22% of cases in one large study, while variants of…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Clinical Red Flags Raising Suspicion of Cardiac Amyloidosis Demographic and Clinical Context Cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected in patients older…

…research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with extreme stress, such as car accidents…

…European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines advocate for ICD implantation in high risk LQTS patients, emphasizing a comprehensive risk assessment that includes genetic factors and…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Definition and classification Coronary anomalies are congenital abnormalities involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They…

…is only of relevance to researchers in electrophysiology and arrhythmology. Regarding the risk of ventricular fibrillation, it is believed that early repolarization is caused by…

…genetic predisposition to arrhythmias. Non Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (NSVT) : Episodes of VT are a strong predictor of SCD. Unexplained Syncope : Syncope without a clear cause…

…complex scar related and genetic substrates. Furthermore, it critically examines the diagnostic algorithms for wide complex tachycardia (WCT), the acute management of both stable and…

…segment elevations in leads V1–V3. Prevalence and genetics of Brugada syndrome The prevalence of Brugada syndrome remains largely unknown. Available data suggest that it…

…current ($I {Na}$) and are identified in 20% to 30% of probands [7] . Historically, expanded genetic panels implicated over 20 other genes (e.g.…

…European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines advocate for ICD implantation in high risk LQTS patients, emphasizing a comprehensive risk assessment that includes genetic factors and…

…cause. PAH reflects marked pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes that may result in near total obliteration of affected vessels. Genetic…

…other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This causal relationship is supported by genetic, observational and interventional evidence…

… enhancement of a prothrombotic state. Its atherogenic and inflammatory effects may be mediated partly by oxidized phospholipids carried on the particle. Genetic and Mendelian randomization…

…a true cause of coronary artery disease. What is the evidence? The evidence is vast. Some examples follow. Consider people with the genetic disorder familial…

…environmental factors and genetic background. Thrombotic susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only…

…with better discrimination. The missing ingredient has been a training set large enough to link raw waveforms to reliable cause of death data. The current…

…autosomal dominant) cardiac syndrome. The underlying genetic abnormality is yet to be discovered. Diagnosis of this syndrome is based on ECG, family history and clinical…

…The genetic evidence provides the rationale for therapeutic inhibition. Gain of function PCSK9 mutations are associated with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and premature coronary heart disease…

…genetic predisposition, structural heart disease, and diabetes [1]. Although TdP and subsequent sudden death are rare, the arrhythmia is precipitated by an extensive list of…

…heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have often described a J shaped association between…

…cytometry and genetics, while the biopsy shows marrow architecture and cellularity. What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the…

…induced cardiotoxicity Trade Name Generic/Proper Name(s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC…

…G enetic factors (e.g., CYP2C9 variants) (1 point) E xcessive fall risk (1 point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of…