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🟠 Pulmonary valve

…Ratio pulmonic to aortic flow normal variable significantly increased References 1. Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.…

🟠 Mitral valve

…Doppler mitral valve A dominant variable high E values ​References 1. Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.…

🟠 Tricuspid valve

…profile tricuspid regurgitation parabolic variable early peak, triangular References 1. Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.; Levine…

Echocardiography

…maxMR) {{ Flow rate = CSA v = 6.28 r2 v(aliasing) References Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft…

🟠 Aorta, aortic stenosis (AS), aortic regurgitation (AR)

…= CSA v = 6.28 r2 v(aliasing) References 1. Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.…

🟠 Left ventricular dimension and systolic function

…Michelle; Devereux, Richard B.; Flachskampf, Frank A.; Foster, Elyse; Pellikka, Patricia A. et al. (2005): Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society…

🟠 Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery pressure

…profile tricuspid regurgitation parabolic variable early peak, triangular References 1. Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.; Levine…

Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes

…troponin T ( Seng et al ). Troponin I rises faster than troponin T in acute myocardial infarction. Troponin I levels are substantially higher than troponin T…

Diagnosis and management of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias: Narrow complex tachycardia & wide complex tachycardia

…causes, differential diagnoses, treatment and management Any heart rate faster than 100 beats per minute is defined as tachycardia , which is synonymous with tachyarrhythmia. Except…

Long QT (QTc) interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) & torsades de pointes

…long QT syndrome (LQTS) & ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes) due to prolonged QT interval The QT interval is the time interval from the beginning of…

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