…extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and…

…but posterior circulation stroke is the most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central…

…a reduced level of consciousness, focal neurological signs or seizures — because the delay costs more than the scan contributes. Only clinical signs of herniation halt…

…subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates through the internal elastic lamina into the media. The lesion…

…posterior to the superior vena cava. A critical area of slow conduction is consistently located in the posterolateral to posteromedial inferior region of the right…

…stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be discovered during targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease…

…atherosclerotic process. Their clinical effects therefore occur within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic segments, whereas…

…Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas…

…90 percent of withdrawal seizures occur within 48 hours. Seizures later than this, focal seizures or status epilepticus should raise strong suspicion of another or…

…and stabilise the patient Immediate assessment 1. Assess airway, breathing, circulation and level of consciousness. 2. Attach ECG, pulse oximetry and repeated blood pressure measurement…

…An inadequate supply of glucose to the brain can cause: difficulty concentrating irritability or abnormal behaviour slurred speech visual disturbance confusion focal neurological signs drowsiness…

…beyond identification of focal severe stenoses. Coronary anomalies Coronary artery anomalies are uncommon among the general population but account for a substantial proportion of sudden…

…precisely, FFR compares the pressure driving flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The…

…in advanced cases, loss of consciousness. Focal neurological findings are uncommon in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of an intramural haematoma that compresses the true lumen. The resulting reduction in coronary blood…